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Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively. This strength results from the covalent sp 2 bonds formed between the individual carbon atoms. In 2000, a multi-walled carbon nanotube was tested to have a tensile strength of 63 gigapascals (9,100,000 psi).
The exceptional electrical and mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes have made them alternatives to the traditional electrical actuators for both microscopic and macroscopic applications. Carbon nanotubes are very good conductors of both electricity and heat, and they are also very strong and elastic molecules in certain directions.
Virus nanotechnology is the use of viruses as a source of nanoparticles for biomedical purposes. Viruses are made up of a genome and a capsid; and some viruses are enveloped. Most virus capsids measure between 20-500 nm in diameter. Because of their nanometer size dimensions, viruses have been considered as naturally occurring nanoparticles.
Spectroscopic methods offer the possibility of quick and non-destructive characterization of relatively large amounts of carbon nanotubes. There is a strong demand for such characterization from the industrial point of view: numerous parameters of nanotube synthesis can be changed, intentionally or unintentionally, to alter the nanotube quality ...
Carbon nanotube–plasma polymer-based amperometric biosensors for ultrasensitive glucose detection have been fabricated. [14] Two amperometric enzyme biosensors were fabricated. One had single wall nanotubes and the other multi wall nanotubes, however, plasma-polymerized thin films (PPFs) were incorporated into both.
Carbon nanotubes are known to withstand very large current densities up to 10 9 A/cm 2 partly due to the strong sigma bonds between carbon atoms. However, at sufficiently high currents the nanotubes fail primarily due to rapid oxidation of the outermost shell. This results in a partial conductance drop that becomes apparent within a few seconds.
Proteins have high affinity to carbon nanotubes due to their diversity of amino acids being hydrophobic or hydrophilic. [6] Polysaccharides have been successfully been used to modify carbon nanotubes forming stable hybrids. [48] To make carbon nanotubes soluble in water, phospholipids such as lysoglycerophospholipids have been used. [49]
They consist of a stiff, strong carbon core surrounded by hydrogen atoms. Carbon nanotubes, although also one-dimensional nanomaterials, in contrast have sp 2-carbon bonding as is found in graphite. The smallest carbon nanothread has a diameter of only 0.2 nanometers, much smaller than the diameter of a single-wall carbon nanotube. [1]