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  2. Negative mass - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_mass

    In theoretical physics, negative mass is a hypothetical type of exotic matter whose mass is of opposite sign to the mass of normal matter, e.g. −1 kg. [1] [2] Such matter would violate one or more energy conditions and exhibit strange properties such as the oppositely oriented acceleration for an applied force orientation.

  3. Exotic matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exotic_matter

    Negative mass would possess some strange properties, such as accelerating in the direction opposite of applied force. Despite being inconsistent with the expected behavior of "normal" matter, negative mass is mathematically consistent and introduces no violation of conservation of momentum or energy .

  4. Hawking radiation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawking_radiation

    Hawking radiation would reduce the mass and rotational energy of black holes and consequently cause black hole evaporation. Because of this, black holes that do not gain mass through other means are expected to shrink and ultimately vanish. For all except the smallest black holes, this happens extremely slowly.

  5. Binding energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binding_energy

    This missing mass may be lost during the process of binding as energy in the form of heat or light, with the removed energy corresponding to the removed mass through Einstein's equation E = mc 2. In the process of binding, the constituents of the system might enter higher energy states of the nucleus/atom/molecule while retaining their mass ...

  6. Zero-energy universe - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zero-energy_universe

    Gravitational energy from visible matter accounts for 26–37% of the observed total massenergy density. [15] Therefore, to fit the concept of a "zero-energy universe" to the observed universe, other negative energy reservoirs besides gravity from baryonic matter are necessary. These reservoirs are frequently assumed to be dark matter. [16]

  7. Negative energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative_energy

    The negative-energy particle then crosses the event horizon into the black hole, with the law of conservation of energy requiring that an equal amount of positive energy should escape. In the Penrose process , a body divides in two, with one half gaining negative energy and falling in, while the other half gains an equal amount of positive ...

  8. Nuclear binding energy - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_binding_energy

    Once this mass difference, called the mass defect or mass deficiency, is known, Einstein's massenergy equivalence formula E = mc 2 can be used to compute the binding energy of any nucleus. Early nuclear physicists used to refer to computing this value as a "packing fraction" calculation.

  9. Newton's law of cooling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newton's_law_of_cooling

    The statement of Newton's law used in the heat transfer literature puts into mathematics the idea that the rate of heat loss of a body is proportional to the difference in temperatures between the body and its surroundings. For a temperature-independent heat transfer coefficient, the statement is: