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Holism is the interdisciplinary idea that systems possess properties as wholes apart from the properties of their component parts. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The aphorism "The whole is greater than the sum of its parts", typically attributed to Aristotle , is often given as a summary of this proposal. [ 4 ]
Holism in science, holistic science, or methodological holism is an approach to research that emphasizes the study of complex systems.Systems are approached as coherent wholes whose component parts are best understood in context and in relation to both each other and to the whole.
This view is known as partial holism. One early advocate of partial confirmational holism is Adolf Grünbaum (1962). [4] Another is Ken Gemes (1993). [8] The latter provides refinements to the hypothetico-deductive account of confirmation, arguing that a piece of evidence may be confirmationally relevant only to some content parts of a hypothesis.
His clients included circus people, and it has been suggested [14] that the unusual strengths and weaknesses of the performers led to his insights into "organ inferiorities" and compensation. In his early career, Adler wrote an article in defence of Freud's theory after reading one of Freud's most well known works, The Interpretation of Dreams. [7]
Unlike atomistic tasks, holistic tasks are not discrete and independent. For example, practice and assessment, will typically involve a simultaneity of several tasks. Furthermore, these tasks will involve ‘situational understanding’, which means that a worker must take into account multiple contexts while being involved in practice.
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Holism is the idea that all the properties of a given system (biological, chemical, social, economic, mental, linguistic, etc.) cannot be determined or explained by the sum of its component parts alone. Instead, the system as a whole determines in an important way how the parts behave.
Holism and Evolution is a 1926 book by South African statesman Jan Smuts, in which he coined the word "holism", [1] [2] although Smuts' meaning differs from the modern concept of holism. [3] Smuts defined holism as the "fundamental factor operative towards the creation of wholes in the universe."