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Calvinism Lutheranism Arminianism; Human will: Total depravity: [2] Humanity possesses "free will", [3] but it is in bondage to sin, [4] until it is "transformed". [5] Total depravity: [2] [6] [7] Humanity possesses free will in regard to "goods and possessions", but is sinful by nature and unable to contribute to its own salvation. [8] [9] [10]
Beginning in the 1880s, Neo-Calvinism, a form of Dutch Calvinism, is the movement initiated by the theologian and later Dutch prime minister Abraham Kuyper. James Bratt has identified a number of different types of Dutch Calvinism: The Seceders—split into the Reformed Church "West" and the Confessionalists; and the Neo-Calvinists—the ...
Additionally, it was not until the emergence of the Oxford Movement that the Tractarians came to see Anglicanism as a via media between Catholic and Reformed Christianity; Anglicanism, which emerged out of the English Reformation, was originally seen as a via media between two forms of Protestantism—Lutheranism and Calvinism. [2]
Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea – 1.8 million [99] Lutheran Church – Missouri Synod – 1.7 million [100] Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia – 0.9 million [101] Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa – 0.6 million [102] Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil – 0.6 million [103] [104]
During the Reformation, Calvinism was the primary Protestant faith in Belgium but was eradicated in favor of the Counter-Reformation. Germany remained predominantly Lutheran during the 16th century, but Reformed worship was promoted intermittently by rulers in Electoral Palatinate, Margraviate of Brandenburg, and other German states. Reformed ...
Lutheran churches in North America, Europe, Latin America and the Caribbean regions are experiencing decreases and no growth in membership, while those in Africa and Asia continue to grow. Lutheranism is the largest religious group in Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Latvia, Namibia, Norway, Sweden, and North Dakota and South Dakota in the United States.
Lutheranism as a religious movement originated in the early 16th century Holy Roman Empire as an attempt to reform the Catholic Church.The movement originated with the call for a public debate regarding several issues within the Catholic Church by Martin Luther, then a professor of Bible at the young University of Wittenberg.
Brandenburg-Prussia remained a bi-confessional state in which both Lutheranism and Calvinism were official religions until the 1817 Prussian Union of Churches. The Electors of Brandenburg already tolerated Catholicism in Ducal Prussia , which lay outside the borders of the Holy Roman Empire and was held in fief to the King of Poland.