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A Venn diagram is a widely used diagram style that shows the logical relation between sets, popularized by John Venn (1834–1923) in the 1880s. The diagrams are used to teach elementary set theory, and to illustrate simple set relationships in probability, logic, statistics, linguistics and computer science.
Universe set and complement notation The notation L ∁ = def X ∖ L . {\displaystyle L^{\complement }~{\stackrel {\scriptscriptstyle {\text{def}}}{=}}~X\setminus L.} may be used if L {\displaystyle L} is a subset of some set X {\displaystyle X} that is understood (say from context, or because it is clearly stated what the superset X ...
If A is a set, then the absolute complement of A (or simply the complement of A) is the set of elements not in A (within a larger set that is implicitly defined). In other words, let U be a set that contains all the elements under study; if there is no need to mention U, either because it has been previously specified, or it is obvious and unique, then the absolute complement of A is the ...
Inclusion–exclusion illustrated by a Venn diagram for three sets. Generalizing the results of these examples gives the principle of inclusion–exclusion. To find the cardinality of the union of n sets: Include the cardinalities of the sets. Exclude the cardinalities of the pairwise intersections.
A set of polygons in an Euler diagram This set equals the one depicted above since both have the very same elements.. In mathematics, a set is a collection of different [1] things; [2] [3] [4] these things are called elements or members of the set and are typically mathematical objects of any kind: numbers, symbols, points in space, lines, other geometrical shapes, variables, or even other ...
In this Boolean algebra, union can be expressed in terms of intersection and complementation by the formula = (), where the superscript denotes the complement in the universal set . Alternatively, intersection can be expressed in terms of union and complementation in a similar way: A ∩ B = ( A ∁ ∪ B ∁ ) ∁ {\displaystyle A\cap B ...
In this case, if the choice of U is clear from the context, the notation A c is sometimes used instead of U \ A, particularly if U is a universal set as in the study of Venn diagrams. Symmetric difference of sets A and B , denoted A B or A ⊖ B , is the set of all objects that are a member of exactly one of A and B (elements which are in one ...
The complement of an event A is usually denoted as A′, A c, A or A. Given an event, the event and its complementary event define a Bernoulli trial : did the event occur or not? For example, if a typical coin is tossed and one assumes that it cannot land on its edge, then it can either land showing "heads" or "tails."