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Dental age 2 begins when stage 1 ended, ends with the eruption of first permanent tooth. Dental age 3 begins when stage 2 ended and ends with all the permanent central, lateral incisors and first permanent molar are in occlusion. Dental age 4 begins when stage 3 ended and ends with the eruption of any permanent canines or premolar.
Little's Irregularity Index is an index used in the field of Orthodontics to measure the crowding of Mandibular anterior arch. The index was first proposed by Robert M. Little in 1975 in his paper The Irregularity Index: A quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment .
The anterior ratio is known to be 77.2%. An overall ratio of more than 91.3% means that the mandibular teeth are bigger when compared to normal. A ratio smaller than 91.3% would mean the mandibular teeth are smaller than normal.
Hassel & Farman (1995) [13] developed an index based on the second, third, and fourth cervical vertebrae (C2, C3, C4) and proved that atlas maturation was highly correlated with skeletal maturation of the hand-wrist. Several smartphone applications have been developed to facilitate the use of vertebral methods such as Easy Age.
Jacob Amos Salzmann (1901–1992) was an American orthodontist who is known for developing an assessment index for determining malocclusion. This index has been adopted by ADA Council of Dental Health, the Council on Dental Care Programs, and by the American Association of Orthodontists. [1] [2]
Tanaka and Johnston analysis is a mixed dentition analysis which allows one to estimate the space available in an arch for the permanent teeth to erupt. This analysis was developed by Marvin M. Tanaka and Lysle E. Johnston in 1974 after they conducted a study on 506 orthodontic patients done in Cleveland at the Case Western Reserve University School of Dental Medicine.
Charles Augustus Hawley (March 13, 1861 – July 22, 1929) was an American orthodontist who is known for developing the Hawley retainer which is used in the field of Orthodontics. He attended Angle School of Orthodontia and graduated from there in 1905. [1] [2]
Orthodontics [a] [b] is a dentistry specialty that addresses the diagnosis, prevention, management, and correction of mal-positioned teeth and jaws, as well as misaligned bite patterns. [2] It may also address the modification of facial growth, known as dentofacial orthopedics. Abnormal alignment of the teeth and jaws is very common.