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Vitex agnus-castus (also called vitex, chaste tree / chastetree, chasteberry, Abraham's balm, [1] lilac chastetree, [2] or monk's pepper) is a plant native of the Mediterranean region. It is one of the few temperate-zone species of Vitex , which is on the whole a genus of tropical and subtropical flowering plants . [ 3 ]
However, a number have been identified, including kaempferol, diosgenin (found in yam), apigenin (found in chasteberry), [1] [3] naringenin, and syringic acid, among others. [2] In addition, 3,8-dihydrodiligustilide from Ligusticum chuanxiong is a potent progestogen ( EC 50 = 90 nM), whereas riligustilide is a weak progestogen (EC 50 ≈ 81 μM).
Progesterone raises epidermal growth factor-1 (EGF-1) levels, a factor often used to induce proliferation, and used to sustain cultures, of stem cells. [95] Progesterone increases core temperature (thermogenic function) during ovulation. [96] [97] Progesterone reduces spasm and relaxes smooth muscle. Bronchi are widened and mucus regulated.
The main biological role of progestogens in the body is in the female reproductive system, and the male reproductive system, [19] with involvement in regulation of the menstrual cycle, maintenance of pregnancy, and preparation of the mammary glands for lactation and breastfeeding following parturition in women; in men progesterone affects ...
It has been hypothesized that plants use a phytoestrogen as part of their natural defense against the overpopulation of herbivore animals by controlling female fertility. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The similarities, at molecular level, of an estrogen and a phytoestrogen allow them to mildly mimic and sometimes act as an antagonist of estrogen. [ 2 ]
The increase in estrogen and progesterone also lead to increased basal body temperature during the luteal phase. [ 3 ] The LH surge that occurs during ovulation triggers the release of the oocyte and its cumulus oophorus from the ovary and into the fallopian tube and triggers the oocyte to divide and enter metaphase of meiosis II (46 or 2n ...
Aromatase (EC 1.14.14.14), also called estrogen synthetase or estrogen synthase, is an enzyme responsible for a key step in the biosynthesis of estrogens.It is CYP19A1, a member of the cytochrome P450 superfamily, which are monooxygenases that catalyze many reactions involved in steroidogenesis.
An individual's body temperature typically changes by about 0.5 °C (0.9 °F) between its highest and lowest points each day. [15] Body temperature is sensitive to many hormones, so women have a temperature rhythm that varies with the menstrual cycle, called a circamensal rhythm. [11] [unreliable medical source?