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Section through railway track and foundation showing the sub-grade. Grading in civil engineering and landscape architectural construction is the work of ensuring a level base, or one with a specified slope, [1] for a construction work such as a foundation, the base course for a road or a railway, or landscape and garden improvements, or surface drainage.
Land restoration – Process of restoring land to a different state; Grading (earthworks) – In civil engineering, creating a profile; Spoil tip – Pile built of accumulated spoil; Subgrade – Material underneath a road or track; Terrace (earthworks) – Terrain formed by tiered platforms
Gradients can be expressed as an angle, as feet per mile, feet per chain, 1 in n, x % or y per mille. Since designers like round figures, the method of expression can affect the gradients selected. [citation needed] A 1371-metre long stretch of railroad with a 20‰ (2%) slope, Czech Republic
The nearly perfect squareness and north–south orientation of the Great Pyramid of Giza, built c. 2700 BC, affirm the Egyptians' command of surveying. [2]A recent reassessment of Stonehenge (c.2500 BC) suggests that the monument was set out by prehistoric surveyors using peg and rope geometry.
In July, J.F. Chapman and Son, Inc. began work to construct the grading and filling from Middlesex Borough to Plainfield for the new tracks of a temporary main line for the CNJ. This new mainline would be three tracks, with the contractor receiving 97¢ per cubic yard of filling and 79¢ per yard of excavating.
A blade forward of the front axle may also be added. For snowplowing and some dirt grading operations, a main blade extension can also be mounted. Capacities range from a blade width of 2.50 to 7.30 m (8 to 24 ft) and engines from 93–373 kW (125–500 hp). Certain graders can operate multiple attachments, or be designed for specialized tasks ...
The concept of a laser level has been around since at least the early 1970s, [2] the original spinning-mirror design laser plane and line level was patented by the late 1980s, [3] and the compact lens-based laser line level (as produced by many tool manufacturers today) was patented in the late 1990s.
Landscaping refers to any activity that modifies the visible features of an area of land, including the following: Living elements , such as flora or fauna ; or what is commonly called gardening , the art and craft of growing plants with a goal of creating a beauty within the landscape .