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Aggregation of bug nymphs Aggregation of the water springtail Podura aquatica. Aggregation pheromones function in mate choice, overcoming host resistance by mass attack, and defense against predators. A group of individuals at one location is referred to as an aggregation, whether consisting of one sex or both sexes.
Releaser pheromones have a brief, immediate behavior-controlling effect. The first pheromone discovered, bombycol, is an example. Releaser pheromones typically include aggregation pheromones, dispersal pheromones, alarm pheromones, tracking pheromones, and marking pheromones, among others, in addition to the well-known sex pheromones. [63]
Pheromones can be used instead of insecticides in orchards. Pest insects are attracted by sex pheromones, allowing farmers to evaluate pest levels, and if need be to provide sufficient pheromone to disrupt mating. Chemical communication in insects is social signalling between insects of the same or different species, using chemicals.
Sometimes species produce the sex pheromones of the organisms they exploit as prey or pollinators (such as bolas spiders [12] and some orchids [13]). Male sex pheromone of Dacini fruit flies, besides acting as aggregation pheromone to form lek, also acts as an allomone to deter lizard predation.
Sex pheromones have evolved in many species. The many types of pheromones (i.e. alarm, aggregation, defense, sexual attraction) all have a common cause acting as chemical cues to trigger a response. However, sex pheromones are particularly associated with signaling mating behaviors or dominance.
Chamaesphecia empiformis on a red rubber septum pheromone lure. A pheromone trap is a type of insect trap that uses pheromones to lure insects. Sex pheromones and aggregating pheromones are the most common types used. A pheromone-impregnated lure is encased in a conventional trap such as a bottle trap, delta trap, water-pan trap, or funnel trap.
However, there is mounting evidence that the aggregation pheromones are stage-specific meaning depending on the chemical contents of the particular pheromone, it will be more likely to attract either nymphs or adults. Benzoquinones are a component of the aggregation pheromone that attracts adult common earwigs.
The food supply that the phloem provides releases an aggregation pheromone known as frontalin. [10] [11] [12] The host trees selected by the female SPB in the southeastern [10] part of the US are preferably loblolly pine tree stands [10] or conifer trees. The female deposits her eggs after the release of her chemical [7] pheromone within the ...