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  2. Simple random sample - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_random_sample

    If a systematic pattern is introduced into random sampling, it is referred to as "systematic (random) sampling". An example would be if the students in the school had numbers attached to their names ranging from 0001 to 1000, and we chose a random starting point, e.g. 0533, and then picked every 10th name thereafter to give us our sample of 100 ...

  3. Randomness test - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randomness_test

    In some cases, data reveals an obvious non-random pattern, as with so-called "runs in the data" (such as expecting random 0–9 but finding "4 3 2 1 0 4 3 2 1..." and rarely going above 4). If a selected set of data fails the tests, then parameters can be changed or other randomized data can be used which does pass the tests for randomness.

  4. Monte Carlo method - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method

    the (pseudo-random) number generator has certain characteristics (e.g. a long "period" before the sequence repeats) the (pseudo-random) number generator produces values that pass tests for randomness; there are enough samples to ensure accurate results; the proper sampling technique is used; the algorithm used is valid for what is being modeled

  5. Lehmer random number generator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer_random_number_generator

    The generator computes an odd 128-bit value and returns its upper 64 bits. This generator passes BigCrush from TestU01, but fails the TMFn test from PractRand. That test has been designed to catch exactly the defect of this type of generator: since the modulus is a power of 2, the period of the lowest bit in the output is only 2 62, rather than ...

  6. Independent and identically distributed random variables

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_and...

    A random sample can be thought of as a set of objects that are chosen randomly. More formally, it is "a sequence of independent, identically distributed (IID) random data points." In other words, the terms random sample and IID are synonymous. In statistics, "random sample" is the typical terminology, but in probability, it is more common to ...

  7. Pseudorandom number generator - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator

    It can be shown that if is a pseudo-random number generator for the uniform distribution on (,) and if is the CDF of some given probability distribution , then is a pseudo-random number generator for , where : (,) is the percentile of , i.e. ():= {: ()}. Intuitively, an arbitrary distribution can be simulated from a simulation of the standard ...

  8. Inverse transform sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse_transform_sampling

    Inverse transform sampling (also known as inversion sampling, the inverse probability integral transform, the inverse transformation method, or the Smirnov transform) is a basic method for pseudo-random number sampling, i.e., for generating sample numbers at random from any probability distribution given its cumulative distribution function.

  9. Latin hypercube sampling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin_hypercube_sampling

    Latin hypercube sampling (LHS) is a statistical method for generating a near-random sample of parameter values from a multidimensional distribution. The sampling method is often used to construct computer experiments or for Monte Carlo integration .