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Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are a group of rare blood cancers in which excess red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets are produced in the bone marrow. Myelo refers to the bone marrow , proliferative describes the rapid growth of blood cells and neoplasm describes that growth as abnormal and uncontrolled.
Multiple myeloma has been diagnosed in dogs, [157] cats, and horses. [158] In dogs, multiple myeloma accounts for around 8% of all haemopoietic tumors. Multiple myeloma occurs in older dogs and is not particularly associated with either males or females. No breeds appear overrepresented in case reviews that have been conducted. [159]
These tumors can develop on the skin, subcutaneously, or on a blood vessel within an organ and are highly malignant. The tumors are most fatal when they rupture, causing the dog to suffer from severe loss of blood, or hypovolemia. [6] Dogs are one of three mammalian species that are known to suffer from a transmissible cancer. [7]
A mastocytoma in dogs (or mast cell tumor in dogs) is a neoplasm originating from mast cells in the domestic dog, which occurs mainly in the skin and subcutis. Mastocytoma are not only extremely common in dogs, but also tend to be much more malignant in them than in other animal species.
In hematology, essential thrombocythemia (ET) is a rare chronic blood cancer (myeloproliferative neoplasm) characterised by the overproduction of platelets (thrombocytes) by megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. [3] It may, albeit rarely, develop into acute myeloid leukemia or myelofibrosis. [3]
Primary myelofibrosis (PMF) is a rare bone marrow blood cancer. [1] It is classified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as a type of myeloproliferative neoplasm, a group of cancers in which there is activation and growth of mutated cells in the bone marrow.
In oncology, polycythemia vera (PV) is an uncommon myeloproliferative neoplasm in which the bone marrow makes too many red blood cells. [1] The majority of cases [2] are caused by mutations in the JAK2 gene, most commonly resulting in a single amino acid change in its protein product from valine to phenylalanine at position 617.
Myelodysplastic–myeloproliferative diseases are a category of hematological malignancies which have characteristics of both myelodysplastic and myeloproliferative conditions. [1] When a hematological malignancy is characterised by normal differentiation of cells of myeloid cell line, it is referred to as myeloproliferative.
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