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The terms used by various manufacturers often reflect marketing rather than engineering considerations or significant technical differences between systems. [2] [3] SAE International's standard J1952 recommends only the term "all-wheel drive" with additional subclassifications that cover all types of AWD/4WD/4x4 systems found on production ...
Particularly in North America for several decades, the designation AWD has been used and marketed – distinctly from 4×4 and 4WD – to apply to vehicles with drive train systems that have permanent drive, a differential between the front and rear drive shafts, and active management of torque transfer, especially following the advent of the anti-lock braking system (ABS).
A gerotor pump is connected between the front and rear output shafts and senses any speed difference between them. When the shafts are turning at different speeds (wheel slippage), the pump supplies oil under pressure to a wet clutch pack. The clutch pack applies progressive 0 to 100% locking between the front and rear output shafts.
Front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive? Which is Best for You?
In that original quattro system, later found in road-going passenger cars, the engine and transmission are situated in a longitudinal position. Torque is sent through the transmission to a mechanical centre differential [3] (commonly abbreviated to "diff") which apportions (distributes) the torque between front and rear driven axles. 4WD was permanently active.
A rear-engine, front-wheel-drive layout is one in which the engine is between or behind the rear wheels, and drives the front wheels via a driveshaft, the complete reverse of a conventional front-engine, rear-wheel-drive vehicle layout. This layout has only been used on prototype and concept cars.
Lincoln MKZ (2006–2010), Ford Fusion AWD (2007–2009), Land Rover LR2; 2005–2007 ZF-Batavia CFT30—Continuously variable transaxle (CVT) Ford Freestyle, Ford Five Hundred, Mercury Montego; 2005–2016 6R 60 ZF longitudinal 6-speed transmission Ford Falcon (BF, FG) Ford Territory (AWD)
Sister companies Škoda simply uses the nomenclature "4x4" after the model name, whereas Porsche merely uses "4". [2] None of the above trademarks is specific to any particular 4WD system or technology being employed. Generally, Volkswagen would use Haldex Traction clutch system on their "4motion" transverse engined cars.