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Progesterone, a progestogen, is the other of the two major sex hormones in women. [179] It is mainly involved in the regulation of the female reproductive system, the menstrual cycle, pregnancy, and lactation. [179] The non-reproductive effects of progesterone are fairly insignificant. [229]
In addition, since the medication suppresses estrogen levels as well, MPA can produce strong functional antiestrogenic effects similarly, and has been used to treat estrogen-dependent conditions such as precocious puberty in girls and endometriosis in women. Due to low estrogen levels, the use of MPA without an estrogen poses a risk of ...
Side effects of progestogens include menstrual irregularities, headaches, nausea, breast tenderness, mood changes, acne, increased hair growth, and changes in liver protein production among others. [1] [2] Other side effects of progestogens may include an increased risk of breast cancer, cardiovascular disease, and blood clots. [2]
The development of secondary sex characteristics in women is driven by estrogens, to be specific, estradiol. [11] [12] These changes are initiated at the time of puberty, most are enhanced during the reproductive years, and become less pronounced with declining estradiol support after menopause.
Estrogen stimulates the development of the fibroglandular tissue, Goldman says, and therefore, any type of estrogen fluctuations inherently increase the likelihood for breast changes to happen.
Progesterone appears to prevent endometrial cancer (involving the uterine lining) by regulating the effects of estrogen. Progesterone plays an important role in the signaling of insulin release and pancreatic function, and may affect the susceptibility to diabetes or gestational diabetes. [100] [101]
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