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Sunspot number is correlated with the intensity of solar radiation over the period since 1979, when satellite measurements became available. The variation caused by the sunspot cycle to solar output is on the order of 0.1% of the solar constant (a peak-to-trough range of 1.3 W·m −2 compared with 1366 W·m −2 for the average solar constant).
Moderately damaging earthquakes strike between New York and Wilmington, Delaware, about twice a century, the USGS said, and smaller earthquakes are felt in the region roughly every two to three years.
Sunspot activity has been measured using the Wolf number for about 300 years. This index (also known as the Zürich number) uses both the number of sunspots and the number of sunspot groups to compensate for measurement variations. A 2003 study found that sunspots had been more frequent since the 1940s than in the previous 1150 years. [30]
The total solar irradiance (TSI) panel shows the PMOD composite of observations [59] with a modelled variation from the SATIRE-T2 model of the effect of sunspots and faculae [53] with the addition of a quiet -Sun variation (due to sub-resolution photospheric features and any solar radius changes) derived from correlations with comic ray fluxes ...
Movement of tectonic plates against each other sends seismic waves rippling across earth’s surface
Turkey is reeling after being hit by two powerful earthquakes in quick succession on Monday morning.. The first, the worst to strike the country since the Erzincan quake of 1939, measured 7.8 on ...
An earthquake is a phenomenon that results from the sudden release of stored energy in the Earth's crust that creates seismic waves. At the Earth's surface, earthquakes may manifest themselves by a shaking or displacement of the ground and sometimes cause tsunamis, which may lead to loss of life and destruction of property. An earthquake is ...
In astronomy, the Wilson effect is the perceived depression of a sunspot's umbra, or center, in the Sun's photosphere. The magnitude of the depression for the umbra is between 500 and 1000 km, with an average of 600 km. [1] Sunspots result from the blockage of convective heat transport by intense magnetic fields. Sunspots are cooler than the ...