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Evidence shows that vegans who are not taking vitamin B 12 supplements do not consume sufficient B 12 and often have abnormally low blood concentrations of vitamin B 12. [75] This is because, unless fortified, plant foods do not contain reliable amounts of active vitamin B 12. Vegans are advised to adopt one of the following dietary options: [76]
Vitamin B 12 deficiency is preventable with supplements, which are recommended for pregnant vegetarians and vegans, and not harmful in others. [2] Risk of toxicity due to vitamin B 12 is low. [2] Vitamin B 12 deficiency in the US and the UK is estimated to occur in about 6 percent of those under the age of 60, and 20 percent of those over the ...
The official party line from the NHS is that “most people should get all the nutrients they need by having a varied and balanced diet”. ... She gives a nod to vitamin B12 for vegans and ...
Vitamin B 12 supplements are available as single or multivitamin tablets. Pharmaceutical preparations of vitamin B 12 may be given by intramuscular injection. [6] [62] Since there are few non-animal sources of the vitamin, vegans are advised to consume a dietary supplement or fortified foods for B 12 intake, or risk serious health consequences. [6]
Pregnant and lactating vegetarian mothers—and breastfed infants if the vegetarian mother's diet is not supplemented—should also use supplements, whether B 12-pills, B 12-injections, or B 12-fortified foods, if they don't get adequate vitamin B 12 from animal products like eggs or dairy. Eggs are a source of vitamin B 12 for vegetarians.
These nutrients are available in plant foods, with the exception of vitamin B 12, which can be obtained only from B 12-fortified vegan foods or supplements. Vitamin B 12 deficiency occurs in up to 80% of all vegans in some Asian countries. [272] Iodine may also require supplementation, such as using iodized salt. [271] [273]
However, the NHS recommends 10μg of Vitamin D per day throughout the pregnancy and while breastfeeding, and 400μg of folic acid during the first trimester (first 12 weeks of pregnancy). [15] Some women may need to take iron, vitamin C, or calcium supplements during pregnancy, but only on the advice of a doctor.
The UK National Health Service (NHS) recommends that people at risk of vitamin D deficiency, breast-fed babies, formula-fed babies taking less than 500 ml/day, and children aged 6 months to 4 years, should take daily vitamin D supplements throughout the year to ensure sufficient intake. [56]