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A large language model (LLM) is a type of machine learning model designed for natural language processing tasks such as language generation. LLMs are language models with many parameters, and are trained with self-supervised learning on a vast amount of text. The largest and most capable LLMs are generative pretrained transformers (GPTs).
Generative pretraining (GP) was a long-established concept in machine learning applications. [16] [17] It was originally used as a form of semi-supervised learning, as the model is trained first on an unlabelled dataset (pretraining step) by learning to generate datapoints in the dataset, and then it is trained to classify a labelled dataset.
The model architecture remains largely unchanged from that of LLaMA-1 models, but 40% more data was used to train the foundational models. [26] The accompanying preprint [26] also mentions a model with 34B parameters that might be released in the future upon satisfying safety targets. LLaMa 2 includes foundation models and models fine-tuned for ...
Like earlier seq2seq models, the original transformer model used an encoder-decoder architecture. The encoder consists of encoding layers that process all the input tokens together one layer after another, while the decoder consists of decoding layers that iteratively process the encoder's output and the decoder's output tokens so far.
High-level schematic diagram of BERT. It takes in a text, tokenizes it into a sequence of tokens, add in optional special tokens, and apply a Transformer encoder. The hidden states of the last layer can then be used as contextual word embeddings. BERT is an "encoder-only" transformer architecture. At a high level, BERT consists of 4 modules:
The second architecture, Distributed Bag of Words version of Paragraph Vector (PV-DBOW), is identical to the skip-gram model except that it attempts to predict the window of surrounding context words from the paragraph identifier instead of the current word.
BigScience Large Open-science Open-access Multilingual Language Model (BLOOM) [1] [2] is a 176-billion-parameter transformer-based autoregressive large language model (LLM). The model, as well as the code base and the data used to train it, are distributed under free licences. [ 3 ]
Shannon's diagram of a general communications system, showing the process by which a message sent becomes the message received (possibly corrupted by noise). seq2seq is an approach to machine translation (or more generally, sequence transduction) with roots in information theory, where communication is understood as an encode-transmit-decode process, and machine translation can be studied as a ...