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The nuts of Carya washingtonensis are globose in shape, with a smooth to slightly wrinkled surface. They show four faintly developed angles at the apex. The nuts range in size but are all within 18–20 millimetres (0.71–0.79 in) in length and 14–19 millimetres (0.55–0.75 in) in width.
Sapling size trees average 2 mm (3 ⁄ 32 in) per year in diameter growth, increasing to 3 mm (1 ⁄ 8 in) per year as poles and sawtimber. Second-growth trees show growth rates of 5 mm (3 ⁄ 16 in) per year. Shellbark hickory occasionally grows to a height of 40 m (130 ft) and a diameter of 100 centimetres (39 in).
Carya ovata var. ovata (northern shagbark hickory) has its largest leaflets over 20 cm (8 in) long and nuts 3–4 cm (1 + 1 ⁄ 8 – 1 + 5 ⁄ 8 in) long. Carya ovata var. australis (southern shagbark hickory or Carolina hickory) has its largest leaflets under 20 cm (8 in) long and nuts 2–3 cm (3 ⁄ 4 – 1 + 1 ⁄ 8 in) long.
The nuts of the scrub hickory are oblong-oval shaped. The nut is thick shelled and hard to crack. Only one nut per flower cluster matures. The meat of the nut is sweet and high in nutritional value, more so than the other Carya and Quercus species it co-occurs with. The scrub hickory can hybridize with the Pignut hickory (Carya glabra). [4]
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Precipitation within the range of nutmeg hickory varies from 1,020 to 1,400 mm (40 to 55 in) per year, 510 mm (20 in) or more falling during the growing season. The frost-free period of most of the native range is about 240 days. Summers are warm and dry in the western portion of the range, but warm and wet in the South Carolina disjuncts.
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Carya ovalis, the red hickory or sweet pignut hickory, is a fairly uncommon but widespread hickory native to eastern North America. It is typically found growing in dry, well drained sandy upland ridges and sloped woodlands from southern Ontario, Canada, and in the United States east to New Hampshire, south to northern Florida west to eastern Texas and north-west to Nebraska. [2]