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Self-leveling concrete was invented in 1952 by Axel Karlsson from Sweden. The first product was a combination of wood glue, fine sand and cement with additives. [1] It was called flytspackel, which directly translates to "floating putty". The term self-leveling can be traced back to a patent applied by the company Lafarge in 1997. [2]
Self-levelling may refer to: Self-levelling suspension; Self-leveling paint; Self compacting concrete; Self-leveling compound This page was last edited on ...
The ancient Romans used a type of lime mortar that has been found to be self-healing. [8] The stratlingite crystals form along the interfacial zones of Roman concrete, binding the aggregate and mortar together and this process continued even after 2000 years and it was discovered by the geologist Marie Jackson and her colleagues in 2014.
Plasticizers are chemical compounds enabling the production of concrete with approximately 15% less water content. Superplasticizers allow reduction in water content by 30% or more. These additives are employed at the level of a few weight percent. Plasticizers and superplasticizers also retard the setting and hardening of concrete. [1]
[8] [9] This early attempt was an important step on the road to self-leveling, even if a full load would cause the whole car to lower evenly, rather than maintain height. In 1957, Cadillac introduced the Eldorado Brougham, a Rolls-Royce Silver Cloud competitor, featuring a new Air suspension with a self leveling feature. [10]
This reduces the need to set the instrument base truly level, as with a dumpy level. Self-levelling instruments are the preferred instrument on building sites, construction, and during surveying due to ease of use and rapid setup time. A digital electronic level is also set level on a tripod and reads a bar-coded staff using electronic laser ...
Strong bases are leveling solvents for acids, weak bases are differentiating solvents for acids. In a leveling solvent, many acids are completely dissociated and are thus of the same strength. All acids tend to become indistinguishable in strength when dissolved in strongly basic solvents owing to the greater affinity of strong bases for protons.
Self-insurance is usually used to pay for high-frequency, low-severity losses. [56] Such losses, if covered by conventional insurance, mean having to pay a premium that includes loadings for the company's general expenses, cost of putting the policy on the books, acquisition expenses, premium taxes, and contingencies.