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Alcohol withdrawal syndrome (AWS) is a set of symptoms that can occur following a reduction in or cessation of alcohol use after a period of excessive use. [1] Symptoms typically include anxiety , shakiness , sweating, vomiting, fast heart rate , and a mild fever. [ 1 ]
In Brazil, pharmacological torture involved the injection of alcohol into the tongue in the 1940s, the injection of ether into the scrotum in the 1960s, and drugs were used to cause strong contractions in the 1970s. Also, muscle relaxants were used to minimize muscular rigidity and bone fractures caused by electric shock in the 1970s. [4] [2]
Management with a combination of abstinence from alcohol and the use of neuroleptics has been shown to be effective. [11] It is also possible to treat withdrawal before major symptoms start to happen in the body. Diazepam and chlordiazepoxide have proven to be effective in treating alcohol withdrawal symptoms such as alcoholic hallucinosis ...
Haloperidol, sold under the brand name Haldol among others, is a typical antipsychotic medication. [9] Haloperidol is used in the treatment of schizophrenia , tics in Tourette syndrome , mania in bipolar disorder , delirium , agitation, acute psychosis , and hallucinations from alcohol withdrawal .
A randomized, double blind trial published in JAMA in 1994 [5] showed that management for alcohol withdrawal that was guided by the CIWA scale resulted in decreased treatment duration and total use of benzodiazepines. The goal of the CIWA scale is to provide an efficient and objective means of assessing alcohol withdrawal.
Ethanol (alcohol) has a very similar mechanism of tolerance and withdrawal to benzodiazepines, involving the GABA A receptors, NMDA receptors and AMPA receptors, but the majority of research into kindling has primarily focused on alcohol. [6] An intensification of anxiety and other psychological symptoms of alcohol withdrawal also occurs. [10]
The spectrum of alcohol withdrawal symptoms range from such minor symptoms as insomnia and tremulousness to severe complications such as withdrawal seizures and delirium tremens. [12] Alcohol withdrawal syndrome can be very tricky to diagnose, due to other preliminary conditions that may exist from individual to individual.
Tardive dyskinesia may reverse upon discontinuation of the offending agent or it may be irreversible, withdrawal may also make tardive dyskinesia more severe. [10] Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS) is a rare, but potentially fatal side effect of antipsychotic treatment. NMS is characterized by fever, muscle rigidity, autonomic dysfunction ...