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Proper diagnosis of these neurodegenerative disorders is important as individual treatments vary depending on the condition. The nuclear medicine SPECT procedure using 123 I ‑ iodobenzamide (IBZM), is an effective tool in the establishment of the differential diagnosis between patients with PD and Parkinson-plus syndromes.
Parkinsonism is a clinical syndrome characterized by tremor, bradykinesia (slowed movements), rigidity, and postural instability. [1] [2] Both hypokinetic (bradykinesia and akinesia) as well as hyperkinetic (cogwheel rigidity and tremors at rest) features are displayed by Parkinsonism. [3]
Resting tremor is the most common, but kinetic tremors—occurring during voluntary movements—and postural tremor—preventing upright, stable posture—also occur. [19] Tremor largely affects the hands and feet: [ 19 ] a classic parkinsonian tremor is " pill-rolling ", a resting tremor in which the thumb and index finger make contact in a ...
Drug induced tremor G25.1 Other specified form of tremor G25.2 Myoclonus: 333.2 G25.3 Chorea (rapid, involuntary movement) Drug induced chorea: G25.4 Drug-induced tics and tics of organic origin 333.3 G25.6 Paroxysmal nocturnal limb movement G25.80 Painful legs (or arms), moving toes (or fingers) syndrome G25.81 Sporadic restless leg syndrome ...
MSA was first described in 1960 by Milton Shy and Glen Drager and was then known as Shy–Drager syndrome. [ 2 ] Many people affected by MSA experience dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system , which commonly manifests as orthostatic hypotension , impotence , loss of sweating , dry mouth and urinary retention and incontinence .
Other differential diagnoses include metabolic disorders (such as GM2 gangliosidosis, phenylketonuria, hypothyroidism, Leigh disease) primarily dystonic juvenile parkinsonism, autosomal recessive early onset parkinsonism with diurnal fluctuation, early onset idiopathic parkinsonism, focal dystonias, dystonia musculorum deformans and dyspeptic ...
A diagnosis of solely intention tremor can only be made if the tremor is of low frequency (below 5 Hz) and without the presence of any resting tremors. [1] Electrophysiological studies can be useful in determining frequency of the tremor, and accelerometric studies quantify tremor amplitude.
Signs of functional tremor include entrainment and distractibility. The patient with tremor should be asked to copy rhythmical movements with one hand or foot. If the tremor of the other hand entrains to the same rhythm, stops, or if the patient has trouble copying a simple movement this may indicate a functional tremor.