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In insects, growth and metamorphosis are controlled by hormones synthesized by endocrine glands near the front of the body ().Neurosecretory cells in an insect's brain secrete a hormone, the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) that activates prothoracic glands, which secrete a second hormone, usually ecdysone (an ecdysteroid), that induces ecdysis (shedding of the exoskeleton). [7]
Holometabolism, also called complete metamorphosis, is a form of insect development which includes four life stages: egg, larva, pupa, and imago (or adult). Holometabolism is a synapomorphic trait of all insects in the clade Holometabola. Immature stages of holometabolous insects are very different from the mature stage.
Hypermetamorphosis, or heteromorphosis, [1] is a term used mainly in entomology; it refers to a class of variants of holometabolism, that is to say, complete insect metamorphosis. Hypermetamorphosis is exceptional in that some instars, usually larval instars, are functionally and visibly distinct from the rest. The differences between such ...
Insects undergo considerable change in form during the pupal stage, and emerge as adults. Butterflies are well-known for undergoing complete metamorphosis; most insects use this life cycle. Some insects have evolved this system to hypermetamorphosis. Complete metamorphosis is a trait of the most diverse insect group, the Endopterygota. [82]
In insects, JH (formerly neotenin) refers to a group of hormones, which ensure growth of the larva, while preventing metamorphosis. Because of their rigid exoskeleton, insects grow in their development by successively shedding their exoskeleton (a process known as molting).
Hemimetabolism or hemimetaboly, also called partial metamorphosis and paurometabolism, [1] is the mode of development of certain insects that includes three distinct stages: the egg, nymph, and the adult stage, or imago. These groups go through gradual changes; there is no pupal stage.
Dipterans are holometabolans, insects that undergo radical metamorphosis. They belong to the Mecopterida , alongside the Mecoptera , Siphonaptera , Lepidoptera and Trichoptera . [ 3 ] [ 4 ] The possession of a single pair of wings distinguishes most true flies from other insects with "fly" in their names.
Holometabola (from Ancient Greek holo-"complete" + metabolḗ "change"), also known as Endopterygota (from endo-"inner" + ptéryg-"wing" + Neo-Latin-ota "-having"), is a supra-ordinal clade of insects within the infraclass Neoptera that go through distinctive larval, pupal, and adult stages.