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Refractometry is the analytical method of measuring substances' refractive index (one of their fundamental physical properties) in order to, for instance, assess their composition or purity. A refractometer is the instrument used to measure refractive index ("RI"). Although refractometers are best known for measuring liquids, they are also used ...
Liquids at 20 °C ... 589.29: 1.501 [1] Carbon tetrachloride: 589.29: 1.461 [1] Silicone oil (nD 25) 589.29: 1.393–1.403 [6] Kerosene: 1.39: ... (a pure form of ...
Refractometry [ edit ] Standard refractometers measure the extent of light refraction (as part of a refractive index) of transparent substances in either a liquid this is then used in order to identify a liquid sample, analyze the sample's purity, and determine the amount or concentration of dissolved substances within the sample.
In the simplest form, uniaxial birefringence, there is only one special direction in the material. This axis is known as the optical axis of the material. [ 1 ] : 230 Light with linear polarization perpendicular to this axis will experience an ordinary refractive index n o while light polarized in parallel will experience an extraordinary ...
Neodymium compounds are compounds formed by the lanthanide metal neodymium (Nd). In these compounds, neodymium generally exhibits the +3 oxidation state, such as NdCl 3, Nd 2 (SO 4) 3 and Nd(CH 3 COO) 3. Compounds with neodymium in the +2 oxidation state are also known, such as NdCl 2 and NdI 2. Some neodymium compounds have colors that vary ...
Handheld Refractometer Ocular view on a handheld refractometer. Reading 46 °Oechsle. A traditional handheld refractometer is an analog instrument for measuring a liquid's refractive index.
Ernst Abbe (1840–1905), working for Carl Zeiss AG in Jena, Germany in the late 19th century, was the first to develop a laboratory refractometer. These first instruments had built-in thermometers and required circulating water to control instrument and fluid temperatures.
A. R. Forouhi and I. Bloomer deduced dispersion equations for the refractive index, n, and extinction coefficient, k, which were published in 1986 [1] and 1988. [2] The 1986 publication relates to amorphous materials, while the 1988 publication relates to crystalline.