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Neural tube defects (NTDs) are a group of birth defects in which an opening in the spine or cranium remains from early in human development. In the third week of pregnancy called gastrulation, specialized cells on the dorsal side of the embryo begin to change shape and form the neural tube.
Tubal factor infertility (TFI) is female infertility caused by diseases, obstructions, damage, scarring, congenital malformations or other factors which impede the descent of a fertilized or unfertilized ovum into the uterus through the fallopian tubes and prevents a normal pregnancy and full term birth. Tubal factors cause 25-30% of ...
A woman may shed the lining in the form of a decidual cast, which may be mistaken as a miscarriage, when, in fact, the ectopic pregnancy still persists. A decidual reaction can be observed in tissue of the peritoneum and ovary during a pregnancy, and represents a response of stromal tissue to progesterone.
Decidualization is a process that results in significant changes to cells of the endometrium in preparation for, and during, pregnancy. This includes morphological and functional changes (the decidual reaction) to endometrial stromal cells (ESCs), the presence of decidual white blood cells (leukocytes), and vascular changes to maternal arteries.
Results of tubal surgery are inversely related to damage that exists prior to surgery. [10] Development of adhesions remains a problem. [1] Patients with operated tubes are at increased risk for ectopic pregnancy, [10] although in vitro fertilization in patients with damaged tubes is also associated with a risk for ectopic pregnancy.
Ectopic decidua are decidual cells found outside inner lining of the uterus. This condition was first described in 1971 by Walker [ 1 ] and the name 'ectopic decidua' was coined by Tausig. [ 2 ] While ectopic decidua is most commonly seen during pregnancy , it rarely occurs in non-pregnant people, accompanied by bleeding and pain.
A heterotopic pregnancy is a complication of pregnancy in which both extrauterine pregnancy and intrauterine pregnancy occur simultaneously. [2] It may also be referred to as a combined ectopic pregnancy, multiple‑sited pregnancy, or coincident pregnancy. The most common site of the extrauterine pregnancy is the fallopian tube.
A thickening of the fallopian tube at its narrow isthmus portion, due to inflammation, is known as salpingitis isthmica nodosa. Like another PID endometriosis, it may lead to fallopian tube obstruction. Fallopian tube obstruction may be a cause of infertility or ectopic pregnancy. [19]