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Detail of the Cantiga #63 (13th century), which deals with a late 10th-century battle in San Esteban de Gormaz involving the troops of Count García and Almanzor. [1]The Reconquista (Spanish and Portuguese for ' reconquest ') [a] or the reconquest of al-Andalus [b] was a series of military and cultural campaigns that European Christian kingdoms waged against the Muslim kingdoms following the ...
Crusades include the traditional numbered crusades and other conflicts that prominent historians have identified as crusades. The scope of the term "crusade" first referred to military expeditions undertaken by European Christians in the 11th, 12th, and 13th centuries to the Holy Land.
The Crusades were a series of religious wars initiated, supported, and sometimes directed by the Christian Latin Church in the medieval period.The best known of these military expeditions are those to the Holy Land between 1095 and 1291 that had the objective of reconquering Jerusalem and its surrounding area from Muslim rule after the region had been conquered by the Rashidun Caliphate ...
The Crusades: A Chronology, covering 1096–1444, in The Crusades—An Encyclopedia, edited by Alan V. Murray. [6] Important Dates and Events, 1049–1571, in History of the Crusades, Volume III, edited by Kenneth M. Setton (1975). [7] Historical Dictionary of the Crusades, by Corliss K. Slack. Chronology from 1009 to 1330. [8]
The first of these is Crusades, [191] [137] by French historian Louis R. Bréhier, appearing in the Catholic Encyclopedia, based on his L'Église et l'Orient au Moyen Âge: Les Croisades. [192] The second is The Crusades, [193] by English historian Ernest Barker, in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition). Collectively, Bréhier and Barker ...
Celestine III calls for a crusades in Spain and in Northern Europe. [63] 1194. 4 February. Richard the Lionheart is ransomed and released from captivity. [58] 11 March. Forgiving his brother John of England for his revolt with Philip II of France during his captivity, Richard the Lionheart was crowned a second time and declares war on France ...
This was constructed in 325, on the purported site of Jesus' burial and resurrection. It became a site of Christian pilgrimage, and one of the goals of the Crusades was to recover it from Muslim rule. [1] [2] The crusading movement encompasses the framework of ideologies and institutions that described, regulated, and promoted the Crusades.
However, in Spain, the Christian knights and kingdoms were engaged with what was almost acknowledged as a foe to Christianity, and this common enemy had some role in uniting Christian kingdoms in the cause of the Crusades and Reconquista. [6] In the 12th and 13th century, most of the prominent Spanish knightly orders were formed.