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  2. Biological aspects of fluorine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_aspects_of_fluorine

    Substituting a fluorine into a para position, however, protects the aromatic ring and prevents the epoxide from being produced. [13] Adding fluorine to biologically active organic compounds increases their lipophilicity (ability to dissolve in fats), because the carbon–fluorine bond is even more hydrophobic than the carbon–hydrogen bond.

  3. Water fluoridation in the United States - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_fluoridation_in_the...

    1909 photograph by Frederick McKay of Greene Vardiman Black (left) and Isaac Burton and F.Y. Wilson, studying the Colorado Brown Stain. [8]Community water fluoridation in the United States is partly due to the research of Dr. Frederick McKay, who pressed the dental community for an investigation into what was then known as "Colorado Brown Stain."

  4. Origin and occurrence of fluorine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin_and_occurrence_of...

    And any created fluorine within stars is rapidly eliminated through strong nuclear fusion reactions—either with hydrogen to form oxygen and helium, or with helium to make neon and hydrogen. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] The presence of fluorine at all—outside of temporary existence in stars—is somewhat of a mystery because of the need to escape these ...

  5. Biological roles of the elements - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biological_roles_of_the...

    In these, a normally nonessential element can treat a disease (often a micronutrient deficiency). An example is fluorine, which reduces the effects of iron deficiency in rats. Some of the benign elements are radioactive. As such they alter life due to their potential to cause mutations. This effect could be interpreted as either adverse or ...

  6. Fluorochemical industry - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fluorochemical_industry

    Laboratory setup for fluorine reactions, University of Freiburg. Fluorine gas may be stored in steel cylinders where the inside surface is passivated by a metal fluoride layer that resists further attack. [35] [4] Passivated steel will withstand fluorine provided the temperature is kept below 200 °C (392 °F). Above that temperature, nickel is ...

  7. Opposition to water fluoridation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opposition_to_water...

    Charles Betts, a prominent anti-fluoridationist, charged that fluoridation was "better than using the atom bomb because the atom bomb has to be made, has to be transported to the place it is to be set off while poisonous fluorine has been placed right beside the water supplies by the Americans themselves ready to be dumped into the water mains ...

  8. Water fluoridation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_fluoridation

    Fluoride monitor (at left) in a community water tower pumphouse, Minnesota, 1987 Fluoridation does not affect the appearance, taste, or smell of drinking water. [1] It is normally accomplished by adding one of three compounds to the water: sodium fluoride, fluorosilicic acid, or sodium fluorosilicate.

  9. History of fluorine - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_fluorine

    Moissan's fluorine cell, from his 1887 publication. Fluorine is a relatively new element in human applications. In ancient times, only minor uses of fluorine-containing minerals existed. The industrial use of fluorite, fluorine's source mineral, was first described by early scientist Georgius Agricola in the 16th century, in the context of ...