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E-liquid is the mixture used in vapor products such as e-cigarettes [28] and usually contain propylene glycol, glycerin, nicotine, flavorings, additives, and differing amounts of contaminants. [29] E-liquid formulations greatly vary due to fast growth and changes in manufacturing designs of e-cigarettes. [15]
In Europe, older recipes frequently refer to "pounds" (e.g. Pfund in German, pond in Dutch, livre in French). In each case, the unit refers to 500 g, about 10% more than an avoirdupois pound (454 g). In each case, the unit refers to 500 g, about 10% more than an avoirdupois pound (454 g).
Subsequently, the e-liquid flows by capillary action to the heating element or other devices to the e-cigarette vapor generator. [41] Second, the e-cigarette vapor processing entails vapor generation. [41] The e-cigarette vapor is generated when the e-liquid is vaporized by the heating element or by other mechanical methods. [41]
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[27] [34] A typical e-liquid is composed of propylene glycol and glycerin (95%) and a combination of flavorings, nicotine, and other additives (5%). [35] [36] The flavorings may be natural, artificial, [34] or organic. [37] Over 80 harmful chemicals such as formaldehyde and metallic nanoparticles have been found in e-liquids at trace quantities ...
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In a recipe, the baker's percentage for water is referred to as the "hydration"; it is indicative of the stickiness of the dough and the "crumb" of the bread. Lower hydration rates (e.g., 50–57%) are typical for bagels and pretzels , and medium hydration levels (58–65%) are typical for breads and rolls . [ 25 ]