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The observer-expectancy effect [a] is a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to subconsciously influence the participants of an experiment. Confirmation bias can lead to the experimenter interpreting results incorrectly because of the tendency to look for information that conforms to their hypothesis, and ...
Observer-expectancy effect, a form of reactivity in which a researcher's cognitive bias causes them to unconsciously influence the participants of an experiment Observer bias , a detection bias in research studies resulting for example from an observer's cognitive biases
Observer-expectancy effect, when a researcher expects a given result and therefore unconsciously manipulates an experiment or misinterprets data in order to find it (see also subject-expectancy effect). Selective perception, the tendency for expectations to affect perception.
Examples of observer bias extend back to the early 1900's. One of the first recorded events of apparent observer bias was seen in 1904, with the case of "Clever Hans". Clever Hans was a horse whose owner, Wilhem von Olson, claimed could solve arithmetic equations. Von Olson would ask Clever Hans a series of questions involving arithmetic ...
The observer-expectancy effect is when a researcher's expectations cause them to subconsciously influence the people participating in an experiment. It is usually controlled using a double-blind system , and was an important reason for the development of double-blind experiments.
Like the observer-expectancy effect, it is often a cause of "odd" results in many experiments. The subject-expectancy effect is most commonly found in medicine , where it can result in the subject experiencing the placebo effect or nocebo effect , depending on how the influence pans out.
Here's an example I was thinking of adding to the links Songs of Praise (With subtitles) An example of observer-expectancy effect involving subtitles which alter the observer's interpretation of audio. It's strongly related to OEE in backmasking. But I'm not sure if it's appropriate. Herd of Swine 17:22, 11 August 2007 (UTC)
In photojournalism and documentary photography, the photographer often attempts to avoid photos that appear posed or staged. In quantum mechanics, Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment that deals with the issue of quantum indeterminacy. Observer effect (disambiguation) Probe effect; Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle; List of paradoxes