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In humans, the kidneys are two reddish-brown bean-shaped blood-filtering organs [1] that are a multilobar, multipapillary form of mammalian kidneys, usually without signs of external lobulation. [ 2 ] [ 3 ] They are located on the left and right in the retroperitoneal space , and in adult humans are about 12 centimetres ( 4 + 1 ⁄ 2 inches) in ...
This is an accepted version of this page This is the latest accepted revision, reviewed on 13 November 2024. This article is about the human urinary system. For urinary systems of other vertebrates, see Urinary systems of birds, urinary systems of reptiles, and urinary systems of amphibians. Anatomical system consisting of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and the urethra Urinary system 1 ...
The upper third of the ureter, closest to the kidney, is supplied by the renal arteries. [2] The middle part of the ureter is supplied by the common iliac arteries, direct branches from the abdominal aorta, and gonadal arteries; [1] the gonadal arteries being the testicular artery in men and the ovarian artery in women. [2]
The urine is brought by the ureters from the kidneys down to the bladder. The smooth muscle lining the ureter walls continuously tighten and relax through a process called peristalsis to force urine away from the kidneys and down into the bladder. Small amounts of urine are released into the bladder every 10–15 seconds.
Also, between classes of animals, the kidneys differ in shape and anatomical location. [9] [10] In mammals, they are usually bean-shaped. [11] Evolutionarily, the kidneys first appeared in fish as a result of the independent evolution of the renal glomeruli and tubules, which eventually united into a single functional unit. [12]
A pelvic kidney, also known as an ectopic kidney, is a normal kidney located in the pelvis, instead of the abdomen. This occurs when a kidney does not ascend from its original location in the pelvis to its final location during prenatal development. They usually present no symptoms, but can increase risk of certain illnesses and healthcare problems
The kidneys remove from the blood the nitrogenous wastes such as urea, as well as salts and excess water, and excrete them in the form of urine. This is done with the help of millions of nephrons present in the kidney. The renal vein (or kidney vein) carries the filtrated blood away from
Mammalian kidneys are susceptible to ischemic injury because mammals lack a renal-portal system, and as a result, vascular vasoconstriction in the glomeruli can lead to decreased blood supply to the entire kidney. The kidneys are susceptible to toxic injury, since toxins are reabsorbed in the tubules along with most of the filtered substances. [47]