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Bias that is introduced at some stage during experimentation or reporting of research. It is often introduced by, or alleviated by, the experimental design . Pages in category "Experimental bias"
Common method bias occurs when the same method or instrument is used to collect data from multiple sources, which can lead to an over-representation of certain factors. Common source bias occurs when the information or data collected is influenced by a single source, such as a single individual, group, or organisation. One of the major causes ...
Reporting bias occurs when the dissemination of research findings is influenced by the nature and direction of the results, for instance in systematic reviews. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] Positive results is a commonly used term to describe a study finding that one intervention is better than another.
The most common observation method is naturalistic observation, where subjects are observed in their natural environments with the goal to assess the behaviour in an intervention free and natural setting. Observer bias is especially probable when the investigator or researcher has vested interests in the outcome of the research or has strong ...
Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic research is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing a significant finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. [139]
This is one example of a type of survey that can be highly vulnerable to the effects of response bias. Response bias is a general term for a wide range of tendencies for participants to respond inaccurately or falsely to questions. These biases are prevalent in research involving participant self-report, such as structured interviews or surveys ...
Detection bias occurs when a phenomenon is more likely to be observed for a particular set of study subjects. For instance, the syndemic involving obesity and diabetes may mean doctors are more likely to look for diabetes in obese patients than in thinner patients, leading to an inflation in diabetes among obese patients because of skewed detection efforts.
Recall bias is of particular concern in retrospective studies that use a case-control design to investigate the etiology of a disease or psychiatric condition. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] For example, in studies of risk factors for breast cancer , women who have had the disease may search their memories more thoroughly than members of the unaffected ...