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Baclofen, sold under the brand name Lioresal among others, is a medication used to treat muscle spasticity, such as from a spinal cord injury or multiple sclerosis. [ 8 ] [ 9 ] It may also be used for hiccups and muscle spasms near the end of life, [ 9 ] and off-label to treat alcohol use disorder [ 10 ] [ 11 ] or opioid withdrawal symptoms. [ 12 ]
Often reserved for spastic cerebral palsy, baclofen can be administered through an intrathecal pump implanted just below the skin of the abdomen or behind the chest wall, with a catheter connected directly to the base of the spine. Intrathecal baclofen pumps sometimes carry serious clinical risks, such as infection or a possibly fatal sudden ...
Baclofen also inhibits neural function presynaptically, by reducing calcium ion influx, and thereby reducing the release of excitatory neurotransmitters in both the brain and spinal cord. It may also reduce pain in patients by inhibiting the release of substance P in the spinal cord, as well.
In 2008, Ameisen wrote a best-selling book, The End Of My Addiction, published in France as Le Dernier Verre (The Last Glass), describing his experience of curing his alcoholism with baclofen. [6] In 2007, an Italian team also showed the effectiveness and the safety of baclofen as a treatment for alcohol addiction. [7]
Medications such as baclofen, bupivacaine, clonidine, morphine, hydromorphone, fentanyl or ziconotide may be delivered in this manner to minimize the side effects often associated with the higher doses used in oral or intravenous delivery of these drugs.
Arbaclofen placarbil (/ ɑːr ˈ b æ k l oʊ f ɛ n p l ə ˈ k ɑːr b ɪ l / ar-BAK-loh-fen plə-KAR-bil, also known as XP19986) is a prodrug of R-baclofen.Arbaclofen placarbil possesses more favorable pharmacokinetic profile than baclofen, with less fluctuations in plasma drug levels.
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Effectiveness appears similar to baclofen or diazepam. [4] It is taken by mouth. [5] Common side effects of tizanidine include dry mouth, sleepiness, weakness, and dizziness. [5] Serious side effects may include low blood pressure, liver problems, psychosis, and QT prolongation. [5] It is unclear if use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is safe. [6]