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The effectiveness and impacts of the Expert power base may be negative or positive. [5] According to Raven, there will be more use of Expert power if the motive is a need for achievement. [3] The ability to administer to another information, knowledge or expertise. [1] (Example: Doctors, lawyers).
In critical theory, power-knowledge is a term introduced by the French philosopher Michel Foucault (French: le savoir-pouvoir). According to Foucault's understanding, power is based on knowledge and makes use of knowledge; on the other hand, power reproduces knowledge by shaping it in accordance with its anonymous intentions. [ 1 ]
The individual was usually a profound thinker distinguished for wisdom and sound judgment. In specific fields, the definition of expert is well established by consensus and therefore it is not always necessary for individuals to have a professional or academic qualification for them to be accepted as an expert. In this respect, a shepherd with ...
High Output Management never reached best seller lists during the 1980s or 1990s or received the same level of recognition as Grove's other management book Only the Paranoid Survive. However, the book became a cult classic within Silicon Valley decades later and is frequently praised for its influence by tech founders such as Mark Zuckerberg of ...
Referent power is a form of reverence gained by a leader who has strong interpersonal relationship skills. Referent power, as an aspect of personal power , becomes particularly important as organizational leadership becomes increasingly about collaboration and influence and less about command and control .
Other researchers suggest that Expert Systems caused inter-company power struggles when the IT organization lost its exclusivity in software modifications to users or Knowledge Engineers. [ 41 ] In the first decade of the 2000s, there was a "resurrection" for the technology, while using the term rule-based systems , with significant success ...
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In artificial intelligence, symbolic artificial intelligence (also known as classical artificial intelligence or logic-based artificial intelligence) [1] [2] is the term for the collection of all methods in artificial intelligence research that are based on high-level symbolic (human-readable) representations of problems, logic and search. [3]