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The total solar irradiance (TSI) panel shows the PMOD composite of observations [59] with a modelled variation from the SATIRE-T2 model of the effect of sunspots and faculae [53] with the addition of a quiet -Sun variation (due to sub-resolution photospheric features and any solar radius changes) derived from correlations with comic ray fluxes ...
Numerical climate modelling indicates that volcanic activity was the main driver of the Little Ice Age. [38] Sunspots themselves, in terms of the magnitude of their radiant-energy deficit, have a weak effect on solar flux. [39]
Ultraviolet irradiance. The UV component varies by more than the total, so if UV were for some (as yet unknown) reason having a disproportionate effect, this might affect climate. Solar wind-mediated galactic cosmic ray changes, which may affect cloud cover. The solar cycle variation of 0.1% has small but detectable effects on the Earth's climate.
Both long term variations in solar intensity are known to affect global climate. [62] Solar output varies on shorter time scales, including the 11-year solar cycle [63] and longer-term modulations. [64] Correlation between sunspots and climate and tenuous at best. [62]
Milankovitch cycles describe the collective effects of changes in the Earth's movements on its climate over thousands of years. The term was coined and named after the Serbian geophysicist and astronomer Milutin Milanković.
Sunspot AR3664 visible on the bottom right part of the Earth-facing side of the sun on May 9, 2024. (NASA/ Solar Dynamics Observatory) Millions of people who went out of their way to find eclipse ...
The net effect during periods of enhanced solar magnetic activity is increased radiant solar output because faculae are larger and persist longer than sunspots. Conversely, periods of lower solar magnetic activity and fewer sunspots (such as the Maunder Minimum ) may correlate with times of lower irradiance.
A massive sunspot that caused last month’s intense auroras across large portions of the planet is once again returning to face the Earth.. The AR3723 sunspot, which was formerly known as AR3697 ...