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Cardiac sarcomere structure, featuring troponin T. Cardiac muscle troponin T (cTnT) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TNNT2 gene. [5] [6] Cardiac TnT is the tropomyosin-binding subunit of the troponin complex, which is located on the thin filament of striated muscles and regulates muscle contraction in response to alterations in intracellular calcium ion concentration.
Additionally, the contractility and electrophysiological environment of the cardiomyocyte are regulated by the cardiac endothelium. [ 5 ] The endocardial endothelium may also act as a kind of blood–heart barrier (analogous to the blood–brain barrier ), thus controlling the ionic composition of the extracellular fluid in which the ...
In electrocardiography, the ventricular cardiomyocyte membrane potential is about −90 mV at rest, [1] which is close to the potassium reversal potential. When an action potential is generated, the membrane potential rises above this level in five distinct phases. [1] Phase 4: Resting membrane potential remains stable at ≈−90 mV. [1]
This rate can be altered, however, by nerves that work to either increase heart rate (sympathetic nerves) or decrease it (parasympathetic nerves), as the body's oxygen demands change. Ultimately, muscle contraction revolves around a charged atom (ion) , calcium (Ca 2+ ) , [ 3 ] which is responsible for converting the electrical energy of the ...
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM, or HOCM when obstructive) is a condition in which muscle tissues of the heart become thickened without an obvious cause. [8] The parts of the heart most commonly affected are the interventricular septum and the ventricles. [10]
Cat's blood is a little harder to come by and not as available as dog's blood," the cats vet, Dr. Sean Perry, told the Miami Herald. That's where a dog comes into the picture and in this case, a ...
Myocardial contractility represents the innate ability of the heart muscle (cardiac muscle or myocardium) to contract.It is the maximum attainable value for the force of contraction of a given heart.
Interpreting Cat Stares Based on Body Language. Staring is only one of the ways that cats communicate with their pet parents. They have an extensive non-verbal vocabulary that goes beyond eye contact.