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Low-thrust relative transfer uses the orbital relative motion equations which are the non-linear set of equations that describes the motion of the chaser spacecraft relative to the target in terms of displacements along the respective axis of the accelerated frame of reference fixed on the target spacecraft.
One supposed problem with SMAPE is that it is not symmetric since over- and under-forecasts are not treated equally. The following example illustrates this by applying the second SMAPE formula: Over-forecasting: A t = 100 and F t = 110 give SMAPE = 4.76%; Under-forecasting: A t = 100 and F t = 90 give SMAPE = 5.26%.
The definition of EVM depends heavily on the standard that is being used, for example in 3GPP LTE the relevant documents will define exactly how EVM is to be measured. There are discussions ongoing by academics as to some of the problems around EVM measurement. [3]
The result of fitting a set of data points with a quadratic function Conic fitting a set of points using least-squares approximation. In regression analysis, least squares is a parameter estimation method based on minimizing the sum of the squares of the residuals (a residual being the difference between an observed value and the fitted value provided by a model) made in the results of each ...
These problems tend to be very small, but may add up to a few meters (tens of feet) of inaccuracy. [7] For very precise positioning (e.g., in geodesy), these effects can be eliminated by differential GPS: the simultaneous use of two or more receivers at several survey points.
In applied statistics, total least squares is a type of errors-in-variables regression, a least squares data modeling technique in which observational errors on both dependent and independent variables are taken into account.
The definition of relative likelihood can be generalized to compare different statistical models.This generalization is based on AIC (Akaike information criterion), or sometimes AICc (Akaike Information Criterion with correction).
In differential calculus, related rates problems involve finding a rate at which a quantity changes by relating that quantity to other quantities whose rates of change are known. The rate of change is usually with respect to time. Because science and engineering often relate quantities to each other, the methods of related rates have broad ...