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Apolipoprotein B is the primary apolipoprotein of chylomicrons, VLDL, Lp(a), IDL, and LDL particles (LDL—commonly known as "bad cholesterol" when in reference to both heart disease and vascular disease in general), which is responsible for carrying fat molecules (), including cholesterol, around the body to all cells within all tissues.
Apo(a) is a component of lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) and elevated plasma Lp(a) level is a heritable, independent, and possibly causal risk factor for Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease (ASCVD). [21] The cholesterol-rich apoB-containing lipoproteins also participate in the pathogenesis of ASCVD.
In a 2021 study in the journal The Lancet, researchers found that elevated levels of Apo B were associated with shorter lifespans, and the data suggested it was a stronger predictor than LDL levels.
Food intake prior to testing may cause elevated levels, up to 20%. Normal level is defined as less than 150 mg/dL. [46] Borderline high is defined as 150 to 199 mg/dL. [46] High level is between 200 and 499 mg/dL. [46] Greater than 500 mg/dL is defined as very high, [46] and is associated with pancreatitis and requires medical treatment. [47]
In familial hypercholesterolemia, a mutation in the LDLR, PCSK9, or APOB is usually the reason for this and these mutations result in high LDL cholesterol. [8] In combined hyperlipidemia, there is an overproduction of apoB-100 in the liver. [9] This causes high amounts of LDL and VLDL molecules to form. [9]
Chylomicron structure ApoA, ApoB, ApoC, ApoE (apolipoproteins); T (triacylglycerol); C (cholesterol); green (phospholipids). Chylomicrons transport lipids absorbed from the intestine to adipose, cardiac, and skeletal muscle tissue, where their triglyceride components are hydrolyzed by the activity of the lipoprotein lipase, allowing the released free fatty acids to be absorbed by the tissues.
Hypobetalipoproteinemia is a disorder consisting of low levels of LDL cholesterol or apolipoprotein B, [1] below the 5th percentile. [2] The patient can have hypobetalipoproteinemia and simultaneously have high levels of HDL cholesterol.
Inherited high cholesterol can also include genetic mutations in the PCSK9 gene and the gene for apolipoprotein B. [81] Elevated cholesterol levels are treatable by a diet that reduces or eliminates saturated fat, and trans fats, [82] [83] often followed by one of various hypolipidemic agents, such as statins, fibrates, cholesterol absorption ...