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Carbon dioxide is the lasing medium in a carbon-dioxide laser, which is one of the earliest type of lasers. Carbon dioxide can be used as a means of controlling the pH of swimming pools, [139] by continuously adding gas to the water, thus keeping the pH from rising. Among the advantages of this is the avoidance of handling (more hazardous) acids.
A life-form whose solvent was a hydrocarbon would not face the threat of its biomolecules being destroyed in this way. [57] Also, the water molecule's tendency to form strong hydrogen bonds can interfere with internal hydrogen bonding in complex organic molecules. [50]
Crystal structure of a host–guest complex with a p-xylylenediammonium bound within a cucurbituril [3] A guest N 2 is bound within a host hydrogen-bonded capsule [4] "Host molecules" usually have "pore-like" structure that is able to capture a "guest molecules". Although called molecules, hosts and guests are often ions.
In molecular biology, the term macromolecular assembly (MA) refers to massive chemical structures such as viruses and non-biologic nanoparticles, cellular organelles and membranes and ribosomes, etc. that are complex mixtures of polypeptide, polynucleotide, polysaccharide or other polymeric macromolecules.
There are many oxides of carbon , of which the most common are carbon dioxide (CO 2) and carbon monoxide (CO). Other less known oxides include carbon suboxide (C 3 O 2) and mellitic anhydride (C 12 O 9). [5] There are also numerous unstable or elusive oxides, such as dicarbon monoxide (C 2 O), oxalic anhydride (C 2 O 4), and carbon trioxide (CO 3).
Complex biological molecules consist of carbon atoms bonded with other elements, especially oxygen and hydrogen and frequently also nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur (collectively known as CHNOPS). [2] [3] Because it is lightweight and relatively small in size, carbon molecules are easy for enzymes to manipulate. Carbonic anhydrase is part of ...
The carbon dioxide molecules form a carbamate with the four terminal-amine groups of the four protein chains in the deoxy form of the molecule. Thus, one hemoglobin molecule can transport four carbon dioxide molecules back to the lungs, where they are released when the molecule changes back to the oxyhemoglobin form. [6]
Cyanobacteria such as these carry out photosynthesis.Their emergence foreshadowed the evolution of many photosynthetic plants and oxygenated Earth's atmosphere.. Biological carbon fixation, or сarbon assimilation, is the process by which living organisms convert inorganic carbon (particularly carbon dioxide, CO 2) to organic compounds.