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In statistics, a k-th percentile, also known as percentile score or centile, is a score below which a given percentage k of scores in its frequency distribution falls ("exclusive" definition) or a score at or below which a given percentage falls ("inclusive" definition); i.e. a score in the k-th percentile would be above approximately k% of all scores in its set.
The quantity 206 265 ″ is approximately equal to the number of arcseconds in a circle (1 296 000 ″), divided by 2π, or, the number of arcseconds in 1 radian. The exact formula is = (″) and the above approximation follows when tan X is replaced by X.
s 1 = 0; run the simulation for the first time, producing result r 1; m 1 = r 1; //m i is the mean of the first i simulations for i = 2 to k do run the simulation for the i th time, producing result r i; δ i = r i - m i −1; m i = m i-1 + (1/i)δ i; s i = s i-1 + ((i - 1)/i)(δ i) 2; repeat s 2 = s k /(k - 1);
In the power systems analysis field of electrical engineering, a per-unit system is the expression of system quantities as fractions of a defined base unit quantity. . Calculations are simplified because quantities expressed as per-unit do not change when they are referred from one side of a transformer to t
In probability theory and statistics, the beta distribution is a family of continuous probability distributions defined on the interval [0, 1] or (0, 1) in terms of two positive parameters, denoted by alpha (α) and beta (β), that appear as exponents of the variable and its complement to 1, respectively, and control the shape of the distribution.
Archimedes gives the value of the square root of 3 as lying between 265 / 153 (approximately 1.7320261) and 1351 / 780 (approximately 1.7320512) in Measurement of a Circle. The actual value is approximately 1.7320508, making this a very accurate estimate. He introduced this result without offering any explanation of how he had ...
Most notably, in a 1929 paper he set out an argument based on the Pauli exclusion principle and the Dirac equation that fixed the value of the reciprocal of the fine-structure constant as 𝛼 −1 = 16 + 1 / 2 × 16 × (16–1) = 136. When its value was discovered to be closer to 137, he changed his argument to match that value.
Percent active chlorine values have now virtually replaced the older system of chlorometric degrees: 1% active chlorine is equivalent to 3.16 °Cl. Taking the (reasonable) assumption that all active chlorine present in a liquid bleach is in the form of hypochlorite ions, 1% active chlorine is equivalent to 0.141 mol/kg ClO − (0.141 mol/L if ...