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Most of the algebraic properties of the Christoffel symbols follow from their relationship to the affine connection; only a few follow from the fact that the structure group is the orthogonal group O(m, n) (or the Lorentz group O(3, 1) for general relativity). Christoffel symbols are used for performing practical calculations.
Christoffel symbols satisfy the symmetry relations = or, respectively, =, the second of which is equivalent to the torsion-freeness of the Levi-Civita connection. The contracting relations on the Christoffel symbols are given by
The Christoffel symbols find frequent use in Einstein's theory of general relativity, where spacetime is represented by a curved 4-dimensional Lorentz manifold with a Levi-Civita connection. The Einstein field equations – which determine the geometry of spacetime in the presence of matter – contain the Ricci tensor .
the Christoffel symbols that describe components of a metric connection [16] the stack alphabet in the formal definition of a pushdown automaton, or the tape-alphabet in the formal definition of a Turing machine; the Feferman–Schütte ordinal Γ 0 [17] represents: the specific weight of substances; the lower incomplete gamma function
The Levi-Civita connection is named after Tullio Levi-Civita, although originally "discovered" by Elwin Bruno Christoffel.Levi-Civita, [1] along with Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro, used Christoffel's symbols [2] to define the notion of parallel transport and explore the relationship of parallel transport with the curvature, thus developing the modern notion of holonomy.
where the coordinates x a (s) are regarded as the coordinates of a curve γ(s) in and are the Christoffel symbols. The Christoffel symbols are functions of the metric and are given by: Γ b c a = 1 2 g a d ( g c d , b + g b d , c − g b c , d ) {\displaystyle \Gamma _{bc}^{a}={\frac {1}{2}}g^{ad}\left(g_{cd,b}+g_{bd,c}-g_{bc,d}\right)}
In a normal coordinate system, the Christoffel symbols of the connection vanish at the point p, thus often simplifying local calculations. In normal coordinates associated to the Levi-Civita connection of a Riemannian manifold , one can additionally arrange that the metric tensor is the Kronecker delta at the point p , and that the first ...
The key is that when one regards X 1 ∂f / ∂u + X 2 ∂f / ∂v as a ℝ 3-valued function, its differentiation along a curve results in second partial derivatives ∂ 2 f; the Christoffel symbols enter with orthogonal projection to the tangent space, due to the formulation of the Christoffel symbols as the tangential ...