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If skin cover is needed, a skin graft can be placed over top of it. Examples: gastrocnemius flap, latissimus dorsi flap, TRAM flap, and transverse upper gracillis flap. [2] Bone flaps contain bone and are used when structural support is needed such as in jaw reconstruction. Example: fibula flap. [2] [4] [14]
The flap is incised and elevated over the periosteum from distal to proximal. [1] The flap consists of skin, subcutaneous tissue, fat and frontalis muscle and is not thinned. When reaching the brow, all of the skin borders are incised and the flap is carefully released. [1] The full-thickness flap is then sutured into the defect without tension.
The term most commonly refers to a surface trauma where all layers of the skin have been torn away, exposing the underlying structures (i.e., subcutaneous tissue, muscle, tendons, or bone). This is similar to an abrasion but more severe, as body parts such as an eyelid or an ear can be partially or fully detached from the body.
Bone resorption is more likely to occur in this group of patients when their cranioplasty is carried out over 6 weeks after their previous operation. [9] Fragmented bone flaps, as well as large bone flaps (>70 cm 2), are associated with a higher resorption rate. [4]
Perforator flap surgery is a technique used in reconstructive surgery where skin and/or subcutaneous fat are removed from a distant or adjacent part of the body to reconstruct the excised part. [1] The vessels that supply blood to the flap are isolated perforator(s) derived from a deep vascular system through the underlying muscle or ...
Bone densities are often given to patients as a T score or a Z score. A T score tells the patient what their bone mineral density is in comparison to a young adult of the same gender with peak bone mineral density. A normal T score is -1.0 and above, low bone density is between -1.0 and -2.5, and osteoporosis is -2.5 and lower.
Commonly injured facial bones include the nasal bone (the nose), the maxilla (the bone that forms the upper jaw), and the mandible (the lower jaw). The mandible may be fractured at its symphysis, body, angle, ramus, and condyle. [4] The zygoma (cheekbone) and the frontal bone (forehead) are other sites for fractures. [13]
Various types of tissue may be transferred as a "free flap" including skin and fat, muscle, nerve, bone, cartilage (or any combination of these), lymph nodes and intestinal segments. An example of "free flap" could be a "free toe transfer" in which the great toe or the second toe is transferred to the hand to reconstruct a thumb. [1]