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Parasocial interaction was first described from the perspective of media and communication studies.In 1956, Horton and Wohl explored the different interactions between mass media users and media figures and determined the existence of a parasocial relationship (PSR), where the user acts as though they are involved in a typical social relationship. [1]
The concept of parasocial interaction became increasingly attractive to mass communication scholars as more active views of the audience emerged in the second half of the 20th century—especially uses and gratification theory—and numerous empirical studies have utilized the idea to explore PSI’s antecedents, correlates, and consequences. [4]
Richard Wohl (1921 – November 15, 1957) was a sociologist known for coining the term "parasocial interactions" defined as a sense of friendship or relationship that viewers form with media personae.
The Parasocial Interaction Wikipedia entry begins with a clear and concise introduction that defines the term and mention its founders--David Horton and Richard Wohl. The article states that parasocial interaction is a relationship between audiences and performers despite limited amount of interactions the audience have with actual performers.
If an interaction was unsatisfactory, then the relationship will be evaluated for its costs compared to its rewards or benefits. People try to predict the outcome of an interaction before it takes place. From a scientific standpoint, Altman and Taylor were able to assign letters as mathematical representations of costs and rewards.
Sociobiologists place communal, quasisocial, and semisocial animals into a meta-class: the parasocial. The two commonalities of parasocial taxa are the exhibition of parental investment, and socialization in a single, cooperative dwelling. [5] Communal, quasisocial, and semisocial groups differ in a few ways.
The parasocial contact hypothesis posits that positive portrayals of minority groups in media help to reduce stigmas and stereotypes surrounding these groups. [4] When audiences are granted the opportunity to engage in parasocial contact, they tend to form more positive attitudes, thoughts, and beliefs about the illness and the people ...
Additionally, Allport specified that within intergroup cooperation, personal interaction, involving informal, personal interaction between group members would scaffold learning about each other and the formation of cross-group friendships. Yet, without these conditions, casual, or superficial, contact would cause people to resort to stereotypes ...