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The Sokoto Caliphate (Arabic: دولة الخلافة في بلاد السودان), also known as the Sultanate of Sokoto, [2] was a Sunni Muslim caliphate in West Africa.It was founded by Usman dan Fodio in 1804 during the Fulani jihads after defeating the Hausa Kingdoms in the Fulani War.
The Sokoto Caliphate was a loose confederation of emirates that recognized the suzerainty of the Amir al-Mu'minin. [1] The caliphate was established in 1809 and later became the largest pre-colonial African state. [2] The boundaries of the caliphate are part of present-day Cameroon, Burkina Faso, Niger, and Nigeria. [3]
The post has become increasingly ceremonial since British rule defeated the caliphate and replaced it with the Sokoto Sultanate Council in 1903, but the sultan – considered a spiritual leader in the Muslim community in Nigeria – can still carry much weight with Fulani and Hausa people from northern Nigeria. Sokoto Caliphate in the 19th century
The Battle of Burmi was the final battle between the British and forces of the Sokoto Caliphate during the British Pacification of Northern Nigeria. The battle came after British victories at the battles of Kano and Kwatarkwashi, forcing Sokoto forces to retreat across northern Nigeria, entrenching themselves in Burmi.
The Revolt of Abd al-Salam (Hausa: Tāwāyēn Abd al-Salam) was a rebellion against the Sokoto Caliphate, driven by perceived bias against the Hausawa.The revolt was led by Mallam Abd al-Salam, a Hausa scholar who had been among the leaders of the Sokoto Revolution that led to the establishment of the caliphate.
The Battle of Gawakuke was an engagement fought between the Sokoto Caliphate and the Gobir city-state at Gawakuke in northern Nigeria on 9 March 1836. The battle was a victory for Sokoto, and secured the Gobir kingdom's subordination to the caliphate.
The Sokoto Caliphate has continued to the present. Since the British conquest of the Caliphate in 1903, and later Nigerian independence under a constitutional government in 1960, the Caliphate's political authority has diminished. But the position still has considerable spiritual authority. [citation needed]
Map of the Sokoto Caliphate in 1870. Ningi can be seen completely surrounded by the Kano, Zaria, and Bauchi Emirates. According to the Kano Chronicle, Usman was remembered as a generous and forgiving ruler, during whose reign the mallams "obtained great honour." However, his younger brother, Galadima Abdullahi, who had been the de facto ruler ...