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Simmons' citrate agar is used for differentiating gram-negative bacteria on the basis of citrate utilization, [1] especially for distinguishing Gammaproteobacteria of the family Enterobacteriaceae or even between species of the same genus. [2]
Klebsiella aerogenes, [2] previously known as Enterobacter aerogenes, is a Gram-negative, oxidase-negative, catalase-positive, citrate-positive, indole-negative, rod-shaped bacterium. [3] Capable of motility via peritrichous flagella, [ 4 ] it is approximately one to three microns in length.
The agar contains citrate and ammonium ions (nitrogen source) and bromothymol blue (BTB) as a pH indicator. [2] Bromothymol blue was added in order to reduce false positives. The citrate agar is green before inoculation, and turns blue, because of BTB as a positive test indicator, meaning citrate is utilized.
Positive for the phenylalanine test and the Harnstoff urea test P. vulgaris can test positive or negative for citrate. All combine for a Biocode ID of 31406, (Biocode ID 31402, 31404, 31407 all resulting in P. vulgaris with asymptomatic results) for use in the Interpretation Guide/Computer Coding and Identification System.
Enterococcus colonies (black) growing on BEA. Bile salts are the selective ingredient, while esculin is the differential component. Enterococcus hydrolyze esculin to products that react with ferric citrate in the medium to produce insoluble iron salts, resulting in the blackening of the medium.
Enterobacter taylorae is a Gram-negative bacteria formerly known as Enteric Group 19, and also known as Enterobacter cancerogenus. [1] Strains of E. taylorae are positive for: Voges-Proskauer, citrate utilization, arginine dihydrolase and malonate utilization.
DCA agar (deoxycholate citrate agar) is a solid bacteriological growth medium used for isolation of enteric pathogens. [1] Uses
Klebsiella oxytoca on agar plate. Klebsiella oxytoca is a Gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium that is closely related to K. pneumoniae, from which it is distinguished by being indole-positive; it also has slightly different growth characteristics in that it is able to grow on melezitose, but not 3-hydroxybutyrate.