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When minimizing a function f in the neighborhood of some reference point x 0, Q is set to its Hessian matrix H(f(x 0)) and c is set to its gradient ∇f(x 0). A related programming problem, quadratically constrained quadratic programming , can be posed by adding quadratic constraints on the variables.
To see this, note that the two constraints x 1 (x 1 − 1) ≤ 0 and x 1 (x 1 − 1) ≥ 0 are equivalent to the constraint x 1 (x 1 − 1) = 0, which is in turn equivalent to the constraint x 1 ∈ {0, 1}. Hence, any 0–1 integer program (in which all variables have to be either 0 or 1) can be formulated as a quadratically constrained ...
For example, JavaScript's loose equality rules can cause equality to be intransitive (i.e., a == b and b == c, but a != c), or make certain values be equal to their own negation. [ 2 ] A strict equality operator is also often available in those languages, returning true only for values with identical or equivalent types (in PHP, 4 === "4" is ...
The closest pair of points problem or closest pair problem is a problem of computational geometry: given points in metric space, find a pair of points with the smallest distance between them. The closest pair problem for points in the Euclidean plane [ 1 ] was among the first geometric problems that were treated at the origins of the systematic ...
The most common convention, known as first-order logic with equality, includes the equality symbol as a primitive logical symbol which is always interpreted as the real equality relation between members of the domain of discourse, such that the "two" given members are the same member. This approach also adds certain axioms about equality to the ...
It was common into the 18th century to use an abbreviation of the word equals as the symbol for equality; examples included æ and œ , from the Latin aequālis. [9] Diophantus's use of ἴσ , short for ἴσος (ísos 'equals'), in Arithmetica (c. 250 AD) is considered one of the first uses of an equals sign. [10]
Logical equality is an operation on two logical values, typically the values of two propositions, that produces a value of true if and only if both operands are false or both operands are true. The truth table of p EQ q (also written as p = q , p ↔ q , Epq , p ≡ q , or p == q ) is as follows:
For less-than or equal constraints, introduce slack variables s i so that all constraints are equalities. Solve the problem using the usual simplex method. For example, x + y ≤ 100 becomes x + y + s 1 = 100, whilst x + y ≥ 100 becomes x + y − s 1 + a 1 = 100. The artificial variables must be shown to be 0.