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Sails may be made from a combination of woven materials—including canvas or polyester cloth, laminated membranes or bonded filaments, usually in a three- or four-sided shape. A sail provides propulsive force via a combination of lift and drag, depending on its angle of attack, its angle with respect to the apparent wind. Apparent wind is the ...
Iron-hulled sailing ships represented the final evolution of sailing ships at the end of the Age of Sail. They were built to carry bulk cargo for long distances in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. [20] They were the largest of merchant sailing ships, with three to five masts and square sails, as well as other sail plans. They ...
Spring sails were invented by Scottish millwright Andrew Meikle in 1772. The sail is divided into a number of bays, each having a number of shutters. All the shutters are joined together by a shutter bar, and the force required for the wind to open the shutters is adjusted by a separate spring on each sail.
Defined by sail plan. All masts have fore-and-aft sails. Schooner: fore-and-aft rigged sails, with two or more masts, the aftermost mast taller or equal to the height of the forward mast(s) All masts have square sails. Brig: two masts, square rigged (may have a spanker on the aftermost) Full-rigged ship: three or more masts, all of them square ...
In ancient history, various vessels were used for coastal fishing and travel. [3] [obsolete source] A mesolithic boatyard has been found from the Isle of Wight in Britain [4] The first true ocean-going boats were invented by the Austronesian peoples, using technologies like multihulls, outriggers, crab claw sails, and tanja sails.
A 260 CE book by K'ang T'ai (康泰) described ships with seven sails called po were used by the Indo-Scythian (月支—Yuezhi) traders for transporting horses. He also made reference to monsoon trade between the islands (or archipelago), which took a month and a few days in a large po. [ 20 ]
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The Arabs were among the first to sail the Indian Ocean. [48] Long-distance trade allowed the movement of "armies, craftsmen, scholars, and pilgrims". [49] Sea trade was an important factor not just for the coastal ports and cities like Istanbul, but also for Baghdad and Iraq, which are further inland. Sea trade enabled the distribution of food ...