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In statistics and research design, an index is a composite statistic – a measure of changes in a representative group of individual data points, or in other words, a compound measure that aggregates multiple indicators. [1] [2] Indices – also known as indexes and composite indicators – summarize and rank specific observations. [2]
Index numbers are used especially to compare business activity, the cost of living, and employment. They enable economists to reduce unwieldy business data into easily understood terms. In contrast to a cost-of-living index based on the true but unknown utility function, a superlative index number is an index number that can be calculated. [1]
Stock market indices may be categorized by their index weight methodology, or the rules on how stocks are allocated in the index, independent of its stock coverage. For example, the S&P 500 and the S&P 500 Equal Weight each cover the same group of stocks, but the S&P 500 is weighted by market capitalization, while the S&P 500 Equal Weight places equal weight on each constituent.
A composite [1] or a composite index [2] is a combination of equities or indexes intended to measure the overall market performance over time.. A composite index may also be used in the natural or social sciences to summarize complex or multidimensional data or redundant measures.
The Marshall-Edgeworth index, credited to Marshall (1887) and Edgeworth (1925), [11] is a weighted relative of current period to base period sets of prices. This index uses the arithmetic average of the current and based period quantities for weighting. It is considered a pseudo-superlative formula and is symmetric. [12]
If 100% reported a deterioration, the index would be zero. If 100% of the panel saw no change, the index would be 50.0 (P 2 * 0.5). Therefore, an index reading of 50.0 means that the variable is unchanged, a number over 50.0 indicates an improvement, while anything below 50.0 suggests a decline. [8]
The Frankfurt Bond Market, 1988. A bond index or bond market index is a method of measuring the investment performance and characteristics of the bond market.There are numerous indices of differing construction that are designed to measure the aggregate bond market and its various sectors (government, municipal, corporate, etc.)
A total return index is an index that measures the performance of a group of components by assuming that all cash distributions are reinvested, in addition to tracking the components' price movements. [1] While it is common to refer to equity based indices, there are also total return indices for bonds and commodities. [2]