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The CMYK color model (also known as process color, or four color) is a subtractive color model, based on the CMY color model, used in color printing, and is also used to describe the printing process itself. The abbreviation CMYK refers to the four ink plates used: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (most often black).
CMYK is used in the printing process, because it describes what kinds of inks are needed to be applied so the light reflected from the substrate and through the inks produces a given color. One starts with a white substrate (canvas, page, etc.), and uses ink to subtract color from white to create an image.
The CMYK coordinates describe the amounts of each of cyan, magenta, yellow and key pigments (such as inks) which are mixed subtractively in order to create a particular color. In Wikipedia, the coordinates are presented as four numbers separated by commas, as in this example for the color orange:
Color space conversion is the translation of the representation of a color from one basis to another. This typically occurs in the context of converting an image that is represented in one color space to another color space, the goal being to make the translated image look as similar as possible to the original.
In order to convert RGB or CMYK values to or from L*a*b*, the RGB or CMYK data must be linearized relative to light. The reference illuminant of the RGB or CMYK data must be known, as well as the RGB primary coordinates or the CMYK printer's reference data in the form of a color lookup table (CLUT).
The test chart contains known CMYK colors, whose offsets to their actual L*a*b* colors scanned by the photometer result in an ICC profile. Another possibility to ICC profile a printer is to use a calibrated scanner as the measuring device for the printed CMYK test chart instead of a photometer.
A color wheel is a tool that provides a visual representation of the relationships between all possible hues. The primary colors are arranged around a circle at equal (120 degree) intervals.
The ECI-CMYK color space, sometimes written ECI CMYK or eciCMYK, is a standardized CMYK color space for graphic data exchange in the print industry. It is equivalent to Fogra 53, often spelt FOGRA53, and is intended to overcome limitations of and thereby replace the ISO Coated CMYK exchange color space (version 2 = Fogra 39, version 3 = Fogra 51).