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Cell damage (also known as cell injury) is a variety of changes of stress that a cell suffers due to external as well as internal environmental changes. Amongst other causes, this can be due to physical, chemical, infectious, biological, nutritional or immunological factors.
Affected cells then proceed to blebbing, and this is followed by pyknosis, in which nuclear shrinkage transpires. [21] In the final step of this pathway cell nuclei are dissolved into the cytoplasm, which is referred to as karyolysis. [21] The second pathway is a secondary form of necrosis that is shown to occur after apoptosis and budding. [21]
Goodpasture syndrome (GPS), also known as anti–glomerular basement membrane disease, is a rare autoimmune disease in which antibodies attack the basement membrane in lungs and kidneys, leading to bleeding from the lungs, glomerulonephritis, [1] and kidney failure. [2]
Mycoplasma is a genus of bacteria that, like the other members of the class Mollicutes, lack a cell wall, and its peptidoglycan, around their cell membrane. [1] The absence of peptidoglycan makes them naturally resistant to antibiotics such as the beta-lactam antibiotics that target cell wall synthesis.
Diphtheria is an infection caused by the bacterium Corynebacterium diphtheriae. [2] Most infections are asymptomatic or have a mild clinical course, but in some outbreaks, the mortality rate approaches 10%. [1] Signs and symptoms may vary from mild to severe, [1] and usually start two to five days after exposure. [2]
Chlamydia trachomatis (/ k l ə ˈ m ɪ d i ə t r ə ˈ k oʊ m ə t ɪ s /) is a Gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium responsible for chlamydia and trachoma. C. trachomatis exists in two forms, an extracellular infectious elementary body (EB) and an intracellular non-infectious reticulate body (RB). [2]
The core antimicrobial treatment consists of the antifungal drug amphotericin B, [33] which inhibits the pathogen by binding to its cell membrane sterols, causing cell membrane disruption and pathogen death; [34] however, even with this treatment, the fatality rate is greater than 97%. [30] [35] New treatments are being sought.
Membrane attack complex (Terminal complement complex C5b-9) A membrane attack complex attached to a pathogenic cell The membrane attack complex (MAC) or terminal complement complex (TCC) is a complex of proteins typically formed on the surface of pathogen cell membranes as a result of the activation of the host's complement system, and as such is an effector of the immune system.