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In optics, group-velocity dispersion (GVD) is a characteristic of a dispersive medium, used most often to determine how the medium affects the duration of an optical pulse traveling through it. Formally, GVD is defined as the derivative of the inverse of group velocity of light in a material with respect to angular frequency , [ 1 ] [ 2 ]
A variable force solenoid (VFS) is an electro-hydraulic device that controls pressure proportionally or inversely proportionally to a signal (voltage or current) obtained from the on-board controller of a powertrain. A low flow VFS is used as a signal level devices for transmission line pressure control or application of clutches.
The group velocity is positive (i.e., the envelope of the wave moves rightward), while the phase velocity is negative (i.e., the peaks and troughs move leftward). The group velocity of a wave is the velocity with which the overall envelope shape of the wave's amplitudes—known as the modulation or envelope of the wave—propagates through space.
Now we let this pulse propagate through a fibre with >, it will be affected by group velocity dispersion. For this sign of D, the dispersion is anomalous, so that the higher frequency components will propagate a little bit faster than the lower frequencies, thus arriving before at the end of the fiber. The overall signal we get is a wider ...
Group-velocity dispersion is quantified as the derivative of the reciprocal of the group velocity with respect to angular frequency, which results in group-velocity dispersion = d 2 k/dω 2. If a light pulse is propagated through a material with positive group-velocity dispersion, then the shorter-wavelength components travel slower than the ...
The solenoid can be useful for positioning, stopping mid-stroke, or for low velocity actuation; especially in a closed loop control system. A uni-directional solenoid would actuate against an opposing force or a dual solenoid system would be self cycling. The proportional concept is more fully described in SAE publication 860759 (1986).
Animation: phase and group velocity of electrons This animation portrays the de Broglie phase and group velocities (in slow motion) of three free electrons traveling over a field 0.4 ångströms in width. The momentum per unit mass (proper velocity) of the middle electron is lightspeed, so that its group velocity is 0.707 c. The top electron ...
Dispersion of gravity–capillary waves on the surface of deep water. Phase and group velocity divided by 4 √ gσ / ρ as a function of inverse relative wavelength 1 / λ √ σ / ρg. Blue lines (A): phase velocity c p, Red lines (B): group velocity c g. Drawn lines: gravity–capillary waves. Dashed lines: gravity waves.