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In physics, the cross section is a measure of the probability that a specific process will take place in a collision of two particles. For example, the Rutherford cross-section is a measure of probability that an alpha particle will be deflected by a given angle during an interaction with an atomic nucleus.
The cross section obtained in this way is called the total cross section and is usually denoted by a σ or σ T. Typical nuclear radii are of the order 10 −15 m. Assuming spherical shape, we therefore expect the cross sections for nuclear reactions to be of the order of π r 2 {\displaystyle \pi r^{2}} or 10 −28 m 2 (i.e., 1 barn).
In addition of its initial intrinsic transverse momentum the struck quark also acquires a transverse momentum during the hadronization process. Consequently, the structure functions entering the SIDIS cross-section or asymmetries are convolutions of a k T {\displaystyle k_{T}} -dependent quark density, the TMD itself, and of a p T ...
The equations below assume a beam with a circular cross-section at all values of z; this can be seen by noting that a single transverse dimension, r, appears.Beams with elliptical cross-sections, or with waists at different positions in z for the two transverse dimensions (astigmatic beams) can also be described as Gaussian beams, but with distinct values of w 0 and of the z = 0 location for ...
Jets are produced in QCD hard scattering processes, creating high transverse momentum quarks or gluons, or collectively called partons in the partonic picture.. The probability of creating a certain set of jets is described by the jet production cross section, which is an average of elementary perturbative QCD quark, antiquark, and gluon processes, weighted by the parton distribution functions.
A transverse mode of electromagnetic radiation is a particular electromagnetic field pattern of the radiation in the plane perpendicular (i.e., transverse) to the radiation's propagation direction. Transverse modes occur in radio waves and microwaves confined to a waveguide , and also in light waves in an optical fiber and in a laser 's optical ...
where is the area moment of inertia of the cross-section, is the cross-sectional area, is the shear modulus, is a shear correction factor, and () is an applied transverse load. For materials with Poisson's ratios ( ν {\displaystyle \nu } ) close to 0.3, the shear correction factor for a rectangular cross-section is approximately
Transverse – intersecting at any angle, i.e. not parallel. Orthogonal (or perpendicular) – at a right angle (at the point of intersection). Elevation – along a curve from a point on the horizon to the zenith, directly overhead. Depression – along a curve from a point on the horizon to the nadir, directly below.