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In mathematics, an ordinary differential equation (ODE) is a differential equation (DE) dependent on only a single independent variable. As with any other DE, its unknown(s) consists of one (or more) function (s) and involves the derivatives of those functions. [ 1 ]
The step size is =. The same illustration for = The midpoint method converges faster than the Euler method, as .. Numerical methods for ordinary differential equations are methods used to find numerical approximations to the solutions of ordinary differential equations (ODEs).
In applied fields the word "tight" is often used with the same meaning. [2] smooth Smoothness is a concept which mathematics has endowed with many meanings, from simple differentiability to infinite differentiability to analyticity, and still others which are more complicated. Each such usage attempts to invoke the physically intuitive notion ...
Given a simply connected and open subset D of and two functions I and J which are continuous on D, an implicit first-order ordinary differential equation of the form (,) + (,) =,is called an exact differential equation if there exists a continuously differentiable function F, called the potential function, [1] [2] so that
The Greek phrase was used by many early Greek mathematicians, including Euclid [4] and Archimedes. The Latin phrase is attested in a 1501 Euclid translation of Giorgio Valla . [ 5 ] Its abbreviation q.e.d. is used once in 1598 by Johannes Praetorius , [ 6 ] more in 1643 by Anton Deusing , [ 7 ] extensively in 1655 by Isaac Barrow in the form Q ...
For an arbitrary system of ODEs, a set of solutions (), …, are said to be linearly-independent if: + … + = is satisfied only for = … = =.A second-order differential equation ¨ = (,, ˙) may be converted into a system of first order linear differential equations by defining = ˙, which gives us the first-order system:
The multiple integral is a definite integral of a function of more than one real variable, for example, f(x, y) or f(x, y, z). Integrals of a function of two variables over a region in R 2 are called double integrals , and integrals of a function of three variables over a region of R 3 are called triple integrals .
In mathematics, a linear differential equation is a differential equation that is defined by a linear polynomial in the unknown function and its derivatives, that is an equation of the form + ′ + ″ + () = where a 0 (x), ..., a n (x) and b(x) are arbitrary differentiable functions that do not need to be linear, and y′, ..., y (n) are the successive derivatives of an unknown function y of ...